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OUTLINES AND STUDIES 



TO ACCOMPANY 



MYERS' MEDIAEVAL AND MODERN 

HISTORY 



A STUDENTS' NOTEBOOK 



BY 

FLORENCE E. LEADBETTER 

RoxBURY High School, Boston 



GINN & COMPANY 

BOSTON . NEW YORK • CHICAGO • LONDON 



LIBRARY of CONGRESS 

Tw» Copies Received 

JAN t 6 1907 

/l Oepyrifht Entry _, 

mss A xxc, No, 

COPY B. 



Copyright, 1907 
By GINN & COMPANY 



ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 



56.12 



GINN & COMPANY • PRO- 
PRIETORS ■ BOSTON • U.S.A. 



CONTENTS 



to I- 



Age 



Outlines and Studies in Medieval History 
Outline of Mediseval History . . 
General Introduction .... 
The Barbarian Kingdoms . 
The Church and its Institutions . 
The Fusion of Latin and Teuton 
The Roman Empire in the East 
The Rise of Islam .... 
Charlemagne and his Empire 
The Northmen : Coming of the Vikings 
Feudalism and Chivalry . : • 

The Normans in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries 
The Papacy and the Empire to 1122 . 
The Crusades . . ■ • ■ ' 
The Church and the State (1122-1431) 
The Life and Culture of the Middle Ages 
The Growth of England to 1500 • ■ 

France under the Capetians and the Valois 
The Rise of Spain . . . ■ 
Growth of the German Nation to 15 19 

Mediaeval Italy 

Northern and Eastern Europe to 1500 
The Renaissance . . ■ • 

Studies on the Middle Ages 
Chronology of the Middle Ages . 
Outlines and Studies on the Modern 

OutUne of Modern History 

Discovery and Colonization in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries 
The Beginnings of the Reformation . 
The Ascendancy of Spain .... 

The Tudors and the English Protestants . 

The Revolt of the Netherlands . 

The Huguenot Wars in France . 

The Thirty Years' War . . • ,• 

The Ascendancy of France under Louis XIV 

The Stuarts and the English Revolution . 

The Rise of Russia 

The Rise of Prussia 

The Expansion of England in the Eighteenth Century 

The French Revolution 

The Napoleonic Period 

Influence of the French Revolution on the Nineteenth 

France since the Second Restoration . 

England since the Battle of Waterloo 

The Liberation and Unification of Italy 

The Making of the New German Empire 

Spain, Austria, and the Lesser States in the Nineteenth Century 

Russia and the Eastern Question . . . 

European Expansion in the Nineteenth Century . 

The World State and the Industrial Age . 

Studies in Modern History .... 

Chronology of the Modern Age .... 



Century 



KEY TO REFERENCES 



Adams 

HOURNE 

Church 
Emerton 
Emerton 
Harding 

MUNRO 

Myers 
Myers 
Robinson 
Robinson 

SCHWILL 

Whitcomb 



Civilization during the Middle Ages 

Medi(eval and Modern History 

The Beginning of the Middle Age. 

Introduction to the Middle Ages 

The Middle Ages . 

Essentials in Mediceval and Modern History 

A History of the Middle Ages 

The Middle Ages . 

The Modern Age . 

History of 11 'estern Europe . 

/Headings in European History 

History of Modem Europe . 

A History of Modern Europe 



(A) 
(B) 

(C) 

(E) 

(Em) 

(H) 

(M) 

(Mm) 

(Mo) 

(R) 
(Rr) 

(S) 
(VV) 



Note. Roman numerals refer to chapters, Arabic figures to pages. 



Yet I doubt not through the ages one increasing purpose runs, 

And the thoughts of men are widened with the process of the suns. — Tennyson. 



As we can follow through the feudal epoch the development of the monarchical idea 
•which was to destroy feudalism, and as we can follow across the monarchical epoch the 
development of the national idea which was to throw dynastic interests back into the 
second place, so we can follow across the history of the last two centuries the development 
of economic and industrial interests, the social idea, which is destined to overthrow the 
national. — Monod (Adams). 



One lesson, and only one, history may be said to repeat with distinctness : that the 
world is built on moral foundations ; that, in the long run, it is well with the good ; in 
the long run, it is ill with the wicked. — Fronde. 



Mini6 is good, but, spite of change, 

Gutenberg's gun has the longest range. — Lowell. 



In these addresses the memory of your forefathers speaks to you. Think that with my 
voice there are mingled the voices of your ancestors from the far-off ages of gray 
antiquity, of those who stemmed with their own bodies the tide of Roman domination 
over the world, who vindicated with their own blood the independence of these mountains, 
plains, and streams. . . . They call to you : " Take ye our place . . . But as matters 
now stand with you, seek not to conquer with bodily weapons, but stand firm and erect 
before them in spiritual dignity. Yours is the greater destiny — to form an empire of 
mind and reason ; to destroy the dominion of rude physical power as the ruler of the 
world. Do this and ye shall be worthy of descent from us." — Fichte\ 



OUTLINES AND STUDIES IN 
MEDIEVAL HISTORY 



The period of the " Dark Ages," so called, is a period of decay only in the sense in 
which the leaf decays, that it may make the ground fruitful for more abundant life. The 
three chief forces working together in the making of a new and fairer civilization were : 

First, — the organized Christian Church. 

Second, — the Germanic races, coming in upon the soil of Rome, taking possession 
of the Roman land, subjecting the Roman population to their political control, but in 
their turn taking up the religion, the language, and the customs of the conquered. 

Third, — the domination of the Frankish race over all the Germanic races of the 
continent. — Adapted from Emerton. 

All in all the Middle Ages was a period of transformation, when the old classical 
civilization, Christianity, the vigorous Teutonic races, and elements drawn from the 
Mohammedan East combined in bewildering variety. It was essentially the period 
when Europe became Europe and made ready to found new Europes across the seas. 
— Harding. 

The mediaeval period is one in which the great effort of human society is to fit itself 
to certain great abstract ideas and institutions. The peculiar thing about these is that 
they demand of the individual member of society that he shall as far as possible sur- 
render himself to them, and seek his highest usefulness by sinking his own personality in 
some form of corporate life. — Emerton. 

The Middle Ages molded into a perfect unity, a living and organic world civiliza- 
tion, the best contributions of Greek and Roman, Christian and German. — Adams. 



Outline of Mediaeval History 



The 

" Dark Ages ' 

(476-1000) 



The Barbarian Kingdoms. 
Fusion of Latin and Teutonic Civilizations. 
The Church and its Institutions. 
The Eastern Empire and Rise of Islam. 
Charlemagne and the Restoration of the Empire. 
^ The Coming of the Northmen. 



Age of 

Revival 

(1000— 1492) 



Feudalism and Chivalry. The Normans. 

The East and the Crusades. 

The Papacy and the Empire. 

The Life and Culture of the Middle Ages. 

Growth of National Governments and Literatures. 

The Renaissance. 



General Introduction 

I. Periods of European History (a.d. 476-1900). 

1. The Middle Ages. 

a. " Dark Ages " (476-1000). 

b. Age of Revival (1000— 1492). 

2. The Modern Age. 

a. Era of the Protestant Revolution (1492-1648). 

b. Era of the PoHtical Revolution (i 648-1900). 

3. Characteristics of each period. 

II. Meaning of "Fall of Rome." 

III. European Civilization. 

1. Factors in its formation. 

2. Relative importance of these factors. 

3. Chief actors in its history. 

4. Parts played by these actors. 

1. Compare the area, physical features, climate, and productions of Europe with those 
of the United States. 

2. Give some examples of the influence of the physical features of Europe upon its 
history. 

3. Point out natural boundaries which have Hmited or failed to limit political 
boundaries. (B) 

4. Why is it impossible to divide the course of history into periods by hard and fast 
lines ? What is true of changes seemingly so abrupt as the downfall of Rome, the 
invention of printing, or the French Revolution? 

5. How much does one lose through ignorance of the history of the Middle Ages ? 
Why has it been called the key to modern history? 

6. What did the Middle Ages have to do? How long did it take to do it? (A) 

7. Why is the expression " Fall of Rome " misleading? Show that this period is con- 
structive and not merely destructive of civilization. 

8. Into the hands of what new race did the fate of Europe pass with the decline of 
Roman power? What did it inherit from the ancient world to build upon? 

9. How much of real value in ancient civilization was lost to the world? 

[o. Show the importance of the principles of Christianity as a factor in the making of 
Europe. (Am) 

1. Point out the virtues of the Teutons which made them worthy to be trusted with the 
fate of civilization. What characteristics have made them leaders in the movements 
of modern times ? (Mm) 

2. Why is it impossible to understand mediaeval history without some knowledge of the 
organization of the Roman Empire ? 



The Barbarian Kingdoms 

I. The RoiNiAN Empire of the Fifth Century. 

1. Extent and character. 

2. Condition of the people. 

II. The Barbarians within the Empire. 

1. Ostrogoths in Italy (493-553). 

a. Reign of Theodoric. 

b. Work of Belisarius. 

2. Visigoths in Spain (415-7 11). 

3. Vandals in Africa (429-533). 

4. Burgundians in Gaul (443-534). 

5. Franks under the Merovingians (486-752). 

a. Clovis at Soissons (486). 

b. Pippin II at Testry (687). 

c. Charles Martel at Tours (732). 

6. Lombards in Italy (568-774). 

7. Anglo-Saxons in Britain. 

a. Legends of King Arthur. 

b. The English kingdoms. 

III. The Barbarians without the Einipire. 



*«•«■- 



..■^ 



studies on the Barbarian Kingdoms 

The hope and not the despair of the world lay hi the Teuton. — Kingsley. ! 

1. On an outline map indicate the limits of the Empire at its greatest extent and locate 
the barbarian kingdoms established within its borders by the year 500. 

2. Show the unity of the Empire at the opening of the fifth century. What destroyed 
that unity? (Rii) 

3. What did men do to avoid the burdens imposed by the Roman government? Show 
the results of the decline of military spirit among the Romans. 

4. Prove that " the grinding to death of the middle class harmed the Empire more than 
all the ravages of the barbarians." 

5 . Write a comparison of life among the Romans with that among the barbarians in the 
fifth century, according to Salvian and Priscus. (Rrii) 

6. How did the civilization of the Germans outside the Empire compare with that of 
the North American Indians? (A) 

7. What events mark the permanent occupation of the Empire by the Germans? How 
had they been kept out for almost five centuries? 

8. Can you account for the indifference of the provincials to the German invasions? 
How did the invaders compare in numbers with the original population of the 
invaded territory? (Rm) 

9. Picture the march of the Ostrogoths from the Danube to Italy. (Mmi) 

10. Which of all the barbarian chieftains showed the most kingly qualities? In what 
respects is his history Hke that of Philip of Macedon? 

11. Why does Theodoric deserve especial praise for his effort to create "a fatherland, a 
city, and a state "? What was his attitude toward the Emperor and Roman culture? 
How did he show his superiority in religious convictions? 

12. What contradictions do you find in the life of Theodoric? Who were his advisers? 
What monument still keeps his memory green? 

13. What service did the Visigoths render to the Empire? What was thei^ reward? 

14. Show that the Gothic realm of Spain was the most flourishing and most advanced 
of the new Teutonic kingdoms in the seventh century. (Em) 

15. Describe the character and achievements of the "Vikings of the South." 

16. In what ways have the Burgundians, although for so brief a time an independent 
nation, left a lasting impression on history ? (E) 

17. Can you account for the superior strength of the Franks in conquest? 

18. What was the double task of Clovis? By what means did he become chief of the 
Franks? Did his conversion have any effect upon his character or conduct? What 
right has he to a place among the great men of history? 

19. Compare the Lombard rule with that of any other conqueror of Italy. How could a 
people so few in numbers keep the upper hand ? 

20. Tell the Lombard legends of the proud Rosamond and the lovely Theodolinda. (Evi) 

21. Which was "the one purely German nation that rose upon the wreck of Rome"? 
What conditions made it possible? 

22. Explain the origin of the province of Brittany in France and the legends of King 
Arthur. 



The Church and its Institutions 

I. Conversion of the Barbarians. 

1. Ulfilas, apostle of the Goths (about 341). 

2. Clovis and the Franks. 

3. Patrick, patron saint of Ireland (425). 
a. Work of Irish missionaries. 

l\ lona and St. Gall. 

4. Augustine, missionary to England (597). 

a. Council of Whitby. 

b. Christian literature ; Credmon, Bede. 

5. Boniface, apostle of Germany, 

6. Vladimir, and evangelization of Russia (9S8). 

7. Progress of Christianity to the year 1000. 

8. Importance of the spread of Christianity. 

II. Reaction of Pac^anism upon Christianity. 

III. Rise of Monasticism. 

1. Its spirit and aims. 

2. St. Antony and the hermits. 

3. St. Benedict and the monasteries. 

4. Services of the monks to civilization. 

IV. Rise of the Papacv. 

1. Organization of the Church. 

2. Privileges of the clergy. 

3. Primacy of the Roman see : Leo and Gregory. 

4. Separation of the Greek and Latin churches. 



Studies on the Church and its Institutions 

■"^ rhS'^iask of guarding the Roman name and something of Ro7nan ideas and institution, 
passed to the Chtirch. — Bourne. 

1. What has been the strongest force in the making of modern civilization? Show th« 
source of its power. 

2. Show the difference in the religious life of the two peoples separated by the Rhine 
Danube frontier about a.d. 300. 

3. What religious ideas of their own made the Germans ready to accept Christianity] 
Point out traces of these ideas in the life of to-day. 

4. Who has been called " the John Ehot " of the Germans, and for what reason ? 

5. Give some idea of the great work of St. Boniface for the Germans. 

6. What was the feeling of the Franks for the Goths? Which race and which religio 
triumphed in Gaul and in Germany? 

7. Of what political importance to the Franks and the Angles was their conversion t 
the orthodox Catholic faith? 

8. Compare the Christian with the pagan literature of the Anglo-Saxons. 

9. What do you find most interesting in Bede's account of the conversion of the Nortl 
umbrians? Tell the legend of Boniface and the oak of Thor. (Rrv) 

10. Why may the missionaries from Ireland be said to have laid the cornerstone of wes: 
ern civilization on the Continent? 

11. What power in this age was "stronger than force and greater than kings "? Giv 
some examples of its wonderful influence over the barbarians. 

12. How did the circumstances of the conversion of Russia affect her relations with othe 
European states? 

13. What was the inevitable reflex influence of the barbarians upon Christianity? Sho^ 
the result to European civilization. 

14. How can we account for the rapid spread of monasticism in the Middle Ages 
Name some monks who greatly influenced the course of history. (Rv) 

15. Can you prove that "the Rule of St. Benedict is as important as any constitution 
ever drawn up for a state "? Give some idea of its requirements. (R57) 

16. Estimate the good work of the monasteries as the hospitals, inns, schools, libraries 
and publishing houses of the Middle Ages. 

17. In what respects did the organization of the Church correspond to that of th' 
Empire? Describe the conditions which led the Church to assume many functions 
of civil government. 

18. Name the four great Latin "fathers" who tell us of the Church in the fourth and 
fifth centuries. With what purpose did Augustine write his City of God ? 

19. Show that Gregory the Great was statesman, missionary, " Servant of the servants of 
God." Give some idea of his power as prefect and as pope. 

20. What effect did the separation of the Greek and Latin churches have upon the 
civilization and history of Europe? 

21. Comment on Tertullian's boast that "nothing was so foreign to a Christian as public 
affairs." 



\ 



I! 



The Fusion of Latin and Teuton 

^^^'^^^'^ I_ The Relations of Conquerors to Conquered. 

11. The Formation of Romance Nations and Languages. 

III. The Influence of the Teutonic Laws : Ordeals. 

IV. The Triuimph of Roman Law. 

T/ie German glory is not to have had little to learn from Rome, but to have learned so 
much and zvith such aptitude. — Andrews. 

1. When does history first hear of the Teutons? Summarize the relations of the 
Romans and Teutons uneier four periods. 

2. Why could not the Empire make more effectual resistance to the Germans? Give 
some specific examples of the decline of national will power and the misuse of 
official position for personal gain. (A) 

3. Describe the treatment that the conquered inhabitants of the Empire received at the 
hands of the Germans. How did this treatment vary in different places? (Mmiv) 

4. Summarize the important additions made to ancient ci-\alization by the Germans. 

5. What correspondence can you find between the political organization of the Germans 
and that of the Homeric Greeks? 

6. Suppose the Latins had kept the Teutons out of Gaul, Italy, Spain, and Britain, — 
what then ? Show how the Teutonic influence varied in these states. 

7. What parallel may be drawn between the results of the Roman conquest of Greece 
and the German conquest of Rome? 

8. Show by the lives of the hterary men of the later Empire the extent of the influence 
of Latin learning. (Bi) How did the barbarians look upon it? 

9. What do we mean by Romance languages? What were the most serious consequences 
of the confusion which attended their formation ? 

10. Why was Latin more easily corrupted in the Roman provinces than English can be 
in the mouths of foreigners to-day? 

11. What advantages did Latin have in its struggle with the Teutonic tongues? 

12. What was the fate of the Roman schools and Latin Hterature? 

13. Did the municipal system of the Romans hold its own in the barbarian states? He 
did the invaders become "caught ia the meshes of the Roman law"? 

14. How did the Teutonic laws differ from the Roman? Mention some laws which show 
the ruder civilization of the Germans. Which of the Germanic peoples first" had 
written laws? 

15. Why was the German law a more effectual influence for liberty .than the Roman? 

16. Specify the elements in modern government which owe their origin to the Germans, 
In which of their institutions do we find the germ of our modem free legislatures! 
How did they change the ancient idea of the relation of individual and state? (Av) 

17. What is meant by "the personality of law" among the Germans? What is the 
corresponding expression for the character of Roman law? (Eviii) 



)e 

) 



^^'*" 



The Roman Empire in the East 
I. The Era of Justinian (527-565). 

1. " Imperial Restoration " : Belisarius. 

2. "Body of the Roman Law." 

3. Dark side of the era. 

II. Reign of Heraclius (610-641), 

1 . Struggle with Persia. 

2. Conquests of the Arabs. 

III. Services to European Civilization. 

1. Defender and preserver. 

2. Teacher and civilizer. 

The abiding life of the Eastern Empire still seems to be to many minds the hardest J 
lessons. — Freeman. 



1. What does Europe owe to the emperors in the East? 

2. What races were restorers of the Empire in the persons of Justinian and BehsariusBi 

3. Why has this era been called " so great and so unhappy "? '! 

4. Outline the career of Belisarius and prove his right to a place among the great 
commanders of the world. 

5. At what cost was the Ostrogothic kingdom in Italy overthrown? Show that the result 
was not worth the cost. 

6. On a sketch map indicate the imperial possessions when Tustinian ascended the; 
throne, and the lands he reconquered from the barbarians. \ 

7. Why does Justinian desen-e to be called " the Hadrian of the East "? 

8. Describe the building which caused Justinian to say - I have surpassed thee O 
Solomon ! " ' 

9. Explain this statement: "A man of Slavonic birth, he reigned over a people who 
spoke Greek and called themselves Romans, to whom he issued a Latin law book 
which few of them could either read or understand." 

10. Describe the making of the Corpus Juris Civilis as given in Hadlev's Introduction to 
Roman Law. 

11. What was the most important effect of the codification of Roman law? Show how 
widespread has been its influence. (An) 

12. What parts of Europe are still under the influence of Roman law? How has it 
affected the common law of England? Has it fomid any place in the United States > 

13. Compare the struggle of Heraclms and the second Persian Empire with the struggle 
of Greeks and Persians ten centuries before. ^^ 

14. Why are the terms Greek or Byzantine more correct than Roman for the Eastern 
Empire after the time of Heraclius? 

15. Outline the ser^•ices of the mediaeval Byzantine Empire to European civilization. 
Why was It able to perform these services? (Mx) 




'^ 



The Rise of Islam 

I, The Arabs. 

1. Origin and character. 

2. Religious condition about a.d. 600. 

II. Mohammed. 

1. The boy and the man. 

2. The prophet at Mecca : Hegira (622). 

3. The lawgiver and king at Medina. 

4. The conqueror at Mecca. 

III. Doctrines of Islam. 

1, The Koran. 

a. Origin. 

b. Teachings. 

2. The Sunna. 

IV. The Caliphate. 

1. Conquests east and west. 

a. Check at Constantinople (717). 

b. Check at Tours (732). 

2. Extent of Moslem power (750). 

3. Golden age at Bagdad. 

V. Saracen Civilization. 

1. Sources and importance. 

2. Govemiment and law. 

3. Literature and learning. 

4. Science and art. 

VI. Evil and Good in Islam. 



Studies on the Rise of Islam 

^.,,,-- kVhat people became a great power in world history with the rise of Islam? Outline 
briefly their previous history. 

2. Describe the peculiar political and religious conditions which prepared the way for 
Mohammed. 

3. Write a short biography of Mohammed. What did he owe to Kadijah? (Mmvi) 

4. Account for Jewish and Christian elements in the Moslem faith. What happy con- 
trast do religious conditions in Arabia in the sixth century offer to those of almost any 
other country? 

5. What form of government did Mohammed establish? What other did it most 
resemble? 

6. Describe the making of the Koran. What are the four cardinal virtues it inculcltes? 
What are the rewards it promises to the faithful ? 

7. Quote from the Koran the description of the future condition of '' the people on the 
right hand," and those "on the left hand." 

8. Was Mohammed more or less cruel and unjust than other founders of Asiatic empires? 
Why were the Moslems such fierce fighters ? 

9. How did the work of Boniface differ from that of Mohammed? Which man would 
you rather have been? 

10. In what respects have the Moslem conquests of the seventh century never been 
equaled? Can you account for their success? 

11. What three alternatives were offered to the conquered Christians? Upon what terms 
were they allowed to remain in possession of their cities? 

12. What did the Moslem conquest mean for the civilization of northern Africa? Tell 
the story of the destruction of Alexandria. (Mmvi) 

13. According to tradition, who was the Judas that betrayed Europe to the Saracens? 
How long were they in doing what cost the Roman legions two centuries? 

14. What two allies helped the Saracens to conquer Spain? What battle was the Hastings 
of Spain? 

15. Why was the duel between the Moslem and the Christian fought out so much earlier 
m the West than in the East? Account for the difference in results. 

16. How did the Franks respond to Charles Martel's call for help? Was Tours a deci- 
sive battle? (Ex) 

17. On an outHne map show the limits of the Saracen dominions a.d. 600 and about 

A.D. 750. 

18. Point out some respects in which the Saracen civilization is unrivaled. 

19. Prove that Arab Spain under the Caliphs was the most prosperous and enlightened 
■ country of Europe. Give examples of their wise policy. (Mix) 

JO. Picture — according to the Arabian Nights -Ut in Bagdad in the golden age. 

J I. In what branches of learning did the Arabs excel? Which of their inventions and 

productions have been most vakiable? \^•hat hampered their progress in art? 
:2. Compare Islam with Christianity. What effect did the Moslem taunt of "idolater" 

have upon the eastern emperor? 
:3. What is the Saracen Odyssey? Explain the origin of the title of the heir apparent of 

Spain, Prince of Asturias. 



JSfe 



Charlemagne: Restoration of the Empire in the West 

I. Rise of the Carolingians. 

1. Mayors of the Palace. 

2. Duke Pippin, King of the Franks. 

3. Donation of Pippin. 

II. Charles the Great (768-814). 

1 . King of the Franks. 

2. Military campaigns. 

a. Lombardy ; the " Iron Crown." 

b. The Spanish March. 

c. Saxons and Avars ; important results. 

3. Emperor and Augustus (Christmas Day, 800). 

4. Administrator and legislator. 

a. General Assembly ; Capitularies. 

b. Royal commissioners. 

c. Supervision of religion. 

d. Education \ Alcuin and the Palace School. 

e. Public works. 

5. Estimate of his achievements. 

III. Break-Up of Charlemagne's Empire. 

1. Lewis the Pious (814-840). 

2. Struggle for the Empire. 

a, Strassburg Oaths. 

b. Treaty of Verdun (843). 

3. Decline and extinction of the Carolingians. 

IV. Renewal of the Empire by Otto the Great (962). 



13 



Studies on Charlemagne and his Empire 

/<? stands alone, like a beacon upon a waste, or a rock in the broad ocean. — Hallam. 

1. What is the history of the Prankish kingdom for over a century after the death of 
Clovis? Name the royal cities of the four sons of Clovis. 

2. How do the expressions " Rois faineants " and " Mayors of the Palace " embody the 
history of the Franks in the seventh and eighth centuries? 

3. What should we remember Charles Martel as doing in preparation for the greater 
work of his grandson, Charles the Great? 

4. Why was the alhance of the Papacy with the Franks one of the most important 
coahtions known to history? What did each party gain through it? 

5 . Was Charlemagne a Frenchman ? In how many forms can you write his name ? How 
— according to Einhard — did his person and bearing answer to his place ? (Rrvii) 

6. Summarize the results of Charlemagne's fifty military campaigns. 

7. Upon what influence did Charles rely in his subjugation of the Saxons? Show that 
this was the most difficult and most important of his conquests. How did the Saxons 
of a later time look upon their conqueror? 

8. How did Charles protect the borders of his kingdom? What was the duty of the 
margraves? Explain the origin of the titles count and duke. What services did these 
officials render? (R) 

9. Whose missionary zeal had made the eastward progress of Charles possible? 

10. Comment on the description of Charles and his army written within fifty years of his 
time. (Exiii) What aims prevented him from becoming a world conqueror? 

11. Can you justify the darkest spot on the fame of Charlemagne? 

12. Did Charles receive any added importance or power by being crowned emperor? In 
what respects may he be likened to Alexander? to Caesar? to Augustus? 

13. What claim has Charles to rank among the world's great statesmen? What tendency 
of Germanic government was opposed to him? (Avii) 

14. What is meant by the Carolingian renaissance? 

15. Show from Charlemagne's letters his interest in the education of the clergy and of 
the people at large. Why should girls be interested in the Palace School? How 
much learning had Charles himself? What was his favorite book? 

16. How long before had Bishop Gregory said, "Woe to our time, for the study of letters 
has perished from among us "? Show how Alcuin removed this reproach. 

17. What did Charlemagne consider the proper attitude toward the Church? How did 
he treat the monasteries? Show the origin of the great archbishoprics. ' 

18. Why has Charles been called "only a German farmer "? What sources of revenue 
had he? What expenses of government? (Mi 5) 

19. Show how great a burden was the military heerban system. To what system did it 
naturally lead? What were the " Fields of May " ? 

20. How did Charlemagne sow the seed for the undoing of all his work? What causes 
of strife did Lewis the Pious stir up? What was the inevitable result? 

21. Why is the treaty of Verdun one of the great landmarks in the growth of the European 
states? What special interest attaches to the Strassburg Oaths? 

22. Indicate on an outhne map the Prankish Kingdom, a.d. 750, the additions made by 
Charlemagne, and the division of the Empire by the Treaty of Verdun. 



14 



t^^ijQ^^^^^H 



I. 



2. 



The Northmen : Coming of the Vikings 

I. The Northern Folk: race and characteristics. 
II. Pirates and Colonizers. 

1. Iceland and Greenland (874, 983) : discoveries in the West. 

2. Rurik in Russia. 

III. Danish Conquest of England. 

1. Alfred the Great (871-901). 

2. Treaty of Wedmore (878) : the Danelaw. 

3. Danish Kings: Canute. 

IV. Settlement in Gaul. 

1. A century of raids. 

2. Northmen become Normans. 

V. Influence upon European Civilization, 

"From the fury of the Northmen, good Lord, deliver usy 

Compare the history of the Northmen in the ninth and tenth centuries with that of 
the Teutons in the fifth and sixth. 

Give reasons for the migrations of the Norsemen. What parts of the world did they) 
visit? Where were their most important settlements made? ' 

3. What does John Fiske tell us of the Vikings on the Western Continent? 

4. How were the early colonists of Iceland like the Pilgrim Fathers? (Mmviii) 

5. Where did the Norse sagas spring up? Tell some story from the Eddas. What doesf^ 
Fiske call one of the greatest history books in the world ? 

6. Describe a Viking ship. How does The Skeleton in Armor picture the life of ai 
Viking? Tell the story of Bjarni Grimalfsson. 

7. Trace the Norse invasion and settlement of Russia. Who were the Varangians? 

8. How did the peoples of northern and western Europe defend themselves against the^ 
Northmen? What was the effect upon the relation of kings to nobles? (M38) 

9. When do the Danes first appear in England? Describe their conquests. 
What does England owe to the kings of Wessex in the ninth and tenth centuries? 

11. Describe the training and character of Alfred the Great, the flower and the type of 
the Wessex kings. In what respect was he greater than Charlemagne? (Cix) 

12. Relate some incidents of Alfred's struggle with the Danes. Describe the siege of 
Paris by the Northmen. (Rrviii) 

13. What terms did Alfred and Charles the Fat make with the invaders? Why is the 
treaty of Charles more shameful than that of Alfred? Were these kings wise or 
unwise in their settlement of affairs? 

14. What are King Alfred's best claims to the title of Great? What important sources 
of early English history do we owe to him? 

15. What do you know of the millenary celebration of Alfred the Great? 

16. Outline the struggles of the English with the Danes from the time of Alfred to the 
English restoration under Edward the Confessor. 

17. Show good results of the settlement of the Northmen both in England and in France. 
In which country did they have the more influence upon civilization? 

15 



10 



Feudalism and Chivalry 

I. The Feudal System. 

1. Meaning and origin of feudalism. 

2. The ideal feudal state. 

3. Essential elements of feudalism. 

a. Fiefs ; origin and character. 

b. Feudal vassalage. 

c. Feudal sovereignty ; immunities. 

4. Feudal ceremonies. 

a. Homage. 

b. Oath of fealty. 

c. Act of investiture. 

5. Relation of lord and vassal. 

a. Duties ; military, judicial, financial. 

b. Rights and privileges. 

6. The manor: condition of the serfs. 

7. Development of feudalism. 

a. For defense of Church and State. 

b. Social life in castle and village. 

8. Causes for decay of the feudal system. 

a. Hostility of kings and commons. 

b. The Crusades ; changes in warfare. 

c. Growth of the towns. 

9. The evil and good effects of feudalism. 

II. Chivalry, "the Flower of Feudalism." 

1. Origin and purpose. 

2. Spirit and ideals. 

3. Training and investiture of knights. 

4. Tournaments and jousts. 

5. Causes for decline. 

6. Influence for good and for evil. 



16 



studies on the Feudal System 

:; The Feudal System for a thousand years was the most important element in the politi 
'and ifi the social relations of the European peoples. — Emerton. 

1. Show the public need which caused the development of feudaUsm after the death ( 
Charlemagne. 

2. Describe the life of a Roman villa in the fifth century and point out elements c 
feudalism. Compare with it the life of a medieval manor. (Hxi) 

3. Find the roots of vassalage in both Roman and German institutions. 

4. Prove that the feudal System is a good example of the union of Teutonic and Romani 
elements in a new institution. (Aix) 

5. What does the expression " No land without a lord, no lord without land " mean? 

6. Show how benefices became " a sort of money with which the kings and the magnate 
paid for the services of which they had need." 

7. How did the military character of feudaUsm arise? Who only were bound to militar 
service ? How was the State enabled to obtain the service of the clergy in war ? 

8. What did the public duties of the citizen — for instance, the defense of the com 
munity — become under the feudal system ? 

9. Did the name vassal imply any dishonor or reproach in feudal days? Could i 
king be a vassal of one of his nobles? Who was God's vassal? 

10. Give some instances of peculiar feudal obligations. (R) Mention one brought t( 
light at the accession of King Frederick of Denmark in 1906. 

11. How did feudal tenure weaken the hold of the lord on his land and the "power of the 
king over his people? How did the Church gain valuable lands? 

12. Did feudalism aid or hinder the development of personal liberty? Illustrate. 

13. Did feudalism guarantee peace and concord? What was the law of the feudal world? 
How did the kings and bishops try to stop needless disorder and war? 

14. From what danger did the feudal system save Europe? How did it prevent condi- 
tions like those in the South before the Civil War? (Exv) 

15. Can you see a sort of cooperative scheme of government in feudalism? How did it 
differ from the methods of carrying on government and war in the United States ? 

16. Describe the cultivation of the land in feudal France. (M) How did the life of the 
peasants differ from that of the farmers in our own land ? 

17. What direct results of feudalism still have influence in modern times? (A) Through 
what institution did it most affect society and literature ? 

18. What is Lowell's ideal of knighthood as embodied in Sir Launfal ? Is Don Quixote 
a good figure of a knight? 

19. Give Scott's description of the "vigil at arms" and investiture of a knight from 
Marniion. Sketch the lists at Naseby and give a word picture of the tournament in 
Ivanhoe. 

20. In what respects were the tournaments of this age like or unlike the sacred games of 
the Greeks? the gladiatorial combats of the Romans? 

21. Explain the difference between a serf and a vassal; a benefice and a fief; allo- 
dial and feudal property ; sovereignty and suzerainty ; a joust and a tournament. 



17 



The Normans in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries 

I. The Dukes of Normandy contrasted with the Vikings. 
II. Extent of Power and Possessions. 

III. Kingdom of Naples and Sicily. 

1. Exploits of Robert Guiscard. 

2. Service to the crusaders. 

IV. Conquest of England. 

1. William, Duke of Normandy : Hastings. 

2. William I of England (Christmas Day, 1066). 

a. Settlement of the kingdom. 

b. Subjection of conquered Saxons and Norman lords. 

c. Doomsday Book ; Curfew ; Forest Laws. 

3. Successors of William I. 

4. Results of the Conquest : political, social, intellectual, religious. 

1. How did the Northmen become Normans? Was the grant of Normandy to RoUo 
benefit or an injury to France? 

2. Where did the Normans seek crowns? Show the result in each case. 

3. Describe the condition of southern Italy when the Normans first went there. How 
did " this gang of land and cattle thieves" gain their first lands and become respect- 
able? (EM224) 

4. Which had more influence upon European history, — the Norman kingdom of Naples 
and Sicily or the Norman kingdom of England ? Prove your answer. 

5. Explain the system of local government in England before the Norman conquest. 
When were the great earls created ? How much power had the Witenagemot? (Mviii) 

6. Under what circumstances did the Normans first enter England? What first created 
an anti- Norman party? 

7. Show that the boy was father of the man in the case of William of Normandy. 

8. Why was King Harold forced to fight with William for the English crown? 

9. Why were Harold and his army poorly prepared for the battle that was to determine 
the fate of England? Describe the battle. 

10. Picture the fate of those who resisted the Conqueror. What did he love and pro- 
tect like a father? 

11. What features of feudalism did Wilham take care should not be introduced into 
England? What good came to England from his rule? 

12. What reminders of the work of William I still remain in England? Tell the story of 
his last days. 

13. How did Henry I gain the support of his English subjects? Describe the condition 
of the land under Stephen of Blois. 

14. What does Adams consider to be the two most important influences of the Norman 
Conquest? (Axiv) 

15. Name the languages spoken in England for three centuries after the Conquest. 
Show the effect upon literature. How was the " King's English " created? 

16. Describe the Bayeiix Tapestry as a source of English history. 

17. Explain these expressions, — New Forest ; Witan ; Senlac ; Gemot; Tower of Lon- 
don; Stamford Bridge. 



The Papacy and the Empire to 1 122 

I. Two World Powers : origin. 

II. Relations of World King and World Priest. 

1 . Conflicting views. 

2. Importance in mediaeval history. 

III. Restoration of Empire and Papacy. 

1. Imperial power by Otto the Great (962). 

2. Papal power: intervention of Henry HI (1046). 

3. Influence of the Cluniac reforms : Hildebrand. 

IV. Pope Gregory VII and Emperor Henry IV (1073-1085). 

1. Ideals of Gregory. 

2. Reform measures. 

a. Evils in the Church. 

b. Influence of feudalism ; simony, investiture. 

3. Ideals of Henry. 

a. Opposition to Gregory. 

b. Humiliation and vengeance ; Canossa and Rome. 

V. Moral Victory of the Church: Concordat of Worms (112 2); Compromise. 

It would hardly be exaggerating its importance if we said that the chief interest of 
the earlier Middle Ages lies in the development of the Roman Catholic Church ; that of 
the later Middle Ages in its controlling influence at the height of its power. — Robinson. 

1. Try to make plain that, in spite of all theories, conflict between the two ideas of a 
world monarchy and a world religion was inevitable. 

2. What was the condition of both Empire and Papacy after the break-up of Charle- 
magne's Empire? Which recovered first? 

3. What, according to Bryce, were the pretensions of a medijeval emperor? Give in 
Gregory's own words his conception of the prerogatives of a pope. (RR274) 

4. From what did the Congregation of Cluny save the Church. Show how far-reaching 
was its influence. Name some great men connected with it. (Cx) 

5. Trace the origin of the Sacred College of Cardinals. What are its functions to-day? 

6. Show how feudalism made trouble between the lords spiritual and the lords temporal. 
How did layman and churchman differ in their views? 

7. Why was the question of investiture so important? How did it aff'ect the position \ 
of both emperor and pope? 

8. Why is Gregory's decree deposing Henry especially noteworthy? How did Henry 
defend the divine right of kings? (Rrxiii) 

9. Where is the truest record of the views of the two opponents to be found? Give 
Gregory's own account of the affair at Canossa. 

10. Quote the last words of Gregory VII, and prove their truth. 

Show the effect upon Germany of the half-century struggle over investiture. 

How has the moral victory of the Papacy in the Concordat of Worms affected the 

Church and the world? 

19 



II 



The Crusades 

I. Occasion for the Crusades. 

1. Condition of the Holy Land. 

2. Motives of the crusaders. 

3. Favoring circumstances. 

II. The First Crusade (1096). 

1 . Causes : the Emperor Alexis and Pope Urban. 

2. Events. 

a. Fate of the vangi;ard ; Peter the Hermit. 

b. March of main body. 

c. Capture of Jerusalem. 

3. Results. 

a. Latin kingdoms in Syria. 

b. Religious orders of knighthood. 

III. The Second Crusade (1147). 

1. St. Bernard of Clairvaux. 

2. Sacrifice of life and substance. 

IV. The Third Crusade (1189). 

1. Cause : Saladin. 

2. Leaders and routes. 

3. Siege of Acre : Richard the Lion-Hearted. 

V. The Fourth Crusade (1202). 

1. Influence of Venice. 

2. The Latin Empire : sack of Constantinople. 

VI. Later Crusades. 

1. The Children's Crusade (12 12). 

2. Minor Crusades : results accomplished. 

VII. Crusades in Europe. 

1 . Against pagans : territory won for Christianity. 

2. Against heretics : the fate of the Albigenses. 

VIII. Influence of the Crusades. 

1. LTpon the Eastern Empire. 

2. LTpon social, intellectual, and political life. 

3. Upon commercial and geographical progress. 



Studies on the Crusades 

The Age of the Crusades, the pivot upon which the Middle Ages turned from th. 
darkness and disorder of the earlier time to the greater light and order of modert. 
times. — Adams. 

1 . Who first presented to the princes of Europe the idea of a combined effort to secure 
the holy places of Jerusalem? Describe a mediaeval pilgrimage. (Rrxv) 

2. What new conditions in the East in the eleventh century showed the necessity for 
western intervention? Why did Alexis turn to Pope Urban as the only possible source 
of aid in western Europe? (Emxi) 

3. Justify these statements : "The man, the cause, and the occasion all contributed to 
the achievement of one of the greatest triumphs of human oratory"; "Europe 
appeared to be a land of exile, which every man was eager to quit." 

4. Describe the conditions by land and by sea which prepared the way for the cru- 
saders. What favorable conditions existed in the East? 

5. How did Constantinople appear to the pilgrims from the West? What did the 
daughter of the Emperor say of the manners of the Franks? (Rrxv) 

6. How large a territory in Syria was conquered in the First Crusade? How was it 
organized? Of what special interest are the "Assizes of Jerusalem "? (Mmxiii) 

7. Contrast the application of feudal principles in England and in Syria. (Em) 

8. Why are the victories of the First Crusade so wonderful? At what cost were they 
won ? How do the letters of the crusaders speak for their behavior ? 

9. What makes the Third Crusade especially interesting? Comment on Richard's 
declaration that he would sell the city of London if he could find a purchaser. 

10. What striking contrast does the Fourth Crusade offer to the others? How did the 
cleverness of Venice make her the real gainer by the enterprise? 

11. Point out two most lamentable results of the Fourth Crusade. What is the history 
of the horses of St. Mark's? Where did Shakespeare find historical countenance 
for Buke Theseus of Athens ? 

12. Show how the religious military orders united the opposed ideals of the monk 
and the knight. How does the history of the Hospitalers differ from that of the 
Templars ? 

13. Tell the story of the Children's Crusade. What does it show? 

14. How long did the crusaders hold the Holy Land? What compelled them to with- 
draw? What was the chief reason for the failure of the Crusades? 

15. How did the Quaker spirit of the early Christians become transformed into the 
martial spirit of the crusaders? Why did the crusading spirit die out? 

16. What seems to you the chief motive of the crusaders? Mention some motives of 
the baser sort. Show the reciprocal influence of the Crusades and the Papacy. 

17. Are the Crusades rightly called Holy Wars? Give reasons for your answer. 

18. Compare the condition of Europe in the twelfth century with the "Roman Peace " 
of the second. Is there danger of overestimating the influence of the Crusades ? 

19. What was the noblest and yet the saddest aspect of the crusading spirit? How did 
the Crusades affect the progress of freedom ? 



« 



The Church and the State (1122-1431) 

I. Supremacy of the Papacy. 

1. In Germany: Alexander III and Frederick I; Peace of Venice (1177). 

2. In France : Innocent III and Philip Augustus. 

3. In England : Innocent III and King John. 

4. Services of the Mendicant Friars : Francis of Assisi. 

5. Downfall of the imperial power. 

II. Decline of Temporal Power. 

1. Philip IV of France and Boniface VIII : Anagni (1303). 

2. Papal seat at Avignon (1309-13 7 6) : revolt of Germany and England. 

3. The Great Schism : Councils of Pisa (1409) and Constance (14 17). 

4. Result for the Church and the State. 

1 . Give some idea of the great sorrow and suffering which followed in the train of the 
struggle between the popes and the kings of the Middle Ages. 

2. Point out the advantages and disadvantages on the side of each opponent. 

3. What spirit in Italy held the balance of power between Empire and Papacy and 
was to give a new impulse to Italian civilization? 

4. Show the importance of the peace convention at Venice. Of which power can we 
see the beginning of the end ? What other scenes does it bring to mind ? 

5. What did Guelph and Ghibelline come to mean in Italy? How are the terms still 
used in Germany? Who was the most famous and beloved of all the Guelphs? 

6. By what means did the Papacy become arbiter of affairs in Germany? in France? 
in England? 

7. Show that Innocent III was in fact, as he claimed to be, " king of kings." 

8. Write a biographical sketch of Francis of Assisi, than whom there "is no more 
lovely and fascinating figure in all history." 

9. Account for the great influence of the Mendicant Friars. How did the clergy regard 
them? In what respects did the aims of the Franciscans and Dominicans differ? 

10. What influences, within and without, brought the mediaeval Empire to an end? 

11. What good came to the French people from the conflict of Philip the Fair and 
Boniface VIII ? 

12. What were the immediate and remote effects of the removal of the papal seat to 
Avignon? Picture the condition of Rome during the "Babylonian Captivity." 

13. Explain briefly the cause and effect of the Great Schism. Show how it prepared the 
way for the Protestant revolt. 

14. What did the great councils of the fifteenth century try to do? How far did they 
succeed? What did they fail to do? 

15. Quote from various historians their estimate of the influence of the mediaeval Church. 

16. Explain: a papal bull; an ecumenical council; benefit of clergy; canon law; 
ecclesiastical courts ; an interdict ; " the priests and monks held the pen for the 
king." 




The Life and Culture of the Middle Ages 

I. The Medieval Towns. 

1. Fate of the old Roman towns. 

2. Towns of the tenth and eleventh centuries. 

a. As fortresses. 

b. As vassals and suzerains. 

c. As commonwealths; charters. 

d. Life in the castle, village, and town. 

3. Industrial and commercial life. 
a. Gilds ; struggle of merchants and craftsmen. 
b.. Trade routes, markets, and fairs. 
c. Hanseatic League ; foreign settlements. 

4. Italian cities. 

a. Causes of growth and power.. 

b. War with Frederick Barbarossa. 
(i) Destruction of Milan. 

(2) Lombard League. 

(3) Legnano; Peace of Constance (1183). 

c. Age of liberty ; civil dissensions. 

d. Famous city-republics. 

(i) Venice; maritime supremacy; the Arsenal. 

(2) Genoa; trade routes and stations. 

(3) Florence; a second Athens. 

5. Services to civilization. 

II. The Universities : Scholasticism. j 

1. Episcopal and monastic schools. 

2. Rise of the universities, — Salerno, Bologna, Paris. 

3. University organization. v. 

a. " Nations " or gilds ; privileges. 

b. Student life; " town and gown." 

c. Studies and methods of instruction. 

4. The Schoolmen. 

a. Their purpose and endeavor. 

b. Early teachers, — Erigena, Anselm, Abelard. j 

c. Thirteenth-century scholastics, — Albertus Magnus, Aquinas, Duns Scotus! 

d. Scientific side of scholasticism ; Roger Bacon. 

5. Services to intellectual progress. 

III. Art of the Middle Ages. 

1. Painting: illumination. 

2. Sculpture : decorative carving. 

3. Architecture : the cathedral. 

a. Romanesque. 

b. Gothic. 

23 



studies on the Life and Culture of the Middle Ages 

" I, Why was there so httle town Ufe in the early Middle Ages? 

2. Describe from a picture the appearance of a medieval town. How did a town 
usually grow up? What was burdensome to the townspeople? What means did they 
take to better their condition? (Rxviii) 

3. Why did the kings encourage independence in the towns? Tell the story of the 
struggle of the citizens of the commune of Laon for liberty. (Bviii) 

4. Give some names of towns which show the growth of the spirit of freedom. Name 
some free cities which still exist as parts of the German Empire. Why did not the 
cities of France and England become likewise self-governing? (Mxiv) 

5. How did the condition of the common people improve in the Middle Ages? Show 
causes for this improvement. 

6. What was the object of the gilds? What good service did they render? Where is 
the oldest record of a gild found ? 

7. Give some quotations from rules of the gilds which throw light on the life of the 
time. (Rrxviii) How did the revival of commerce affect the gilds? 

8. What dangers and annoyances did the medieval merchants have to face by land 
and sea? By what means did they strengthen and defend themselves? 

9. On an outHne map indicate the great commercial centers and trade routes of the 
thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. 

10. What would the medieval merchants have said to a "trust" or a "wholesaler"? 
What did they call a "just " price? Where was the balance of credit? 

11. Show the important part played by the Jews in the commercial development of 
Europe. 

12. Name some articles of use and luxury which came into Europe at this time. 

13. Describe a mediaeval fair. Illustrate the dress of the age. (M) 

14. Why were the Italian communes more independent than the French? Trace the 
growth of communal government in Milan. (Em) 

15. Why has Legnano been called " one of those few fields in which human blood flowed 
sacred and holy "? Why is the carroccio so dear to the Milanese? 

16. How did the government of Venice become an exclusive oligarchy? How long did 
it maintain this character? Why was " Council of Ten " a name of dread? 

17. How and why has the meaning of the expression Dark Ages changed of late? 

18. What was the darkest age in the history of education? Who were the only teachers 
in the early Middle Ages? What was the object of education?. 

19. How much truth was there in the thirteenth-century saying, "France is the hearth 
where the intellectual bread of the whole world is baked"? Who was the most 
brilliant teacher of the preceding century? What likeness has he to Socrates? 

20. Should one ask when a mediaeval university was founded? Tell some tales of student 
life according to Professor Haskins. 

21. Describe the making of a mediaeval book and point out its beauties. 

22. Why was the Gothic style especially suited to church architecture? Give the history 
of some famous cathedral. 

23. Explain the difference between a donjon and a keep; a village and a town;! 
university and a college ; town and gown ; first, second, third, and fourth estate. 

24 



The Growth of England to 1500 

I. Saxon, Danish, and Norman rule to 1154. 

II. The Early Plantagenets (i 154-13 2 7). 

1. Henry II. 

a. Conflict with the Church ; Thomas Becket. 

b. Reforms, judicial and military. 

2. Richard and John. 

a. Loss of French possessions ; effect. 

b. Runnymede ; the Great Charter (1215). 

3. Henry III. 

a. Rise of the Barons ; Simon de Montfort. 

b. Birth of the House of Commons (1265). 

4. Edward I and Edward II. 

a. Conquest of Wales (1282). 

b. The Model Parliament (1295). 

c. Wars with Scotland (i 296-1328). 

(i) Early history of Scotland; Scotch vassalage. 

(2) Independence of Scotland; Bannockburn (13 14). 

III. The Hundred Years' War (1338-145 3). 

1. Causes : remote and immediate. 

2. Events to treaty of Bretigny (1360). 

a. Battle of Cr^cy ; its lesson. 

b. Siege of Calais ; result. 

c. Battle of Poitiers; the Black Prince. 

d. Conditions of treaty. 

3. Condition of England and France. 

a. The Black Death (1348). 

b. The Peasants' Revolt (1381). 

4. Events from 1415 to 1453. 

a. Henry V at Agincourt. 

b. Treaty of Troyes (1420). 

c. Relief of Orleans ; Joan of Arc. 

d. French successes. 

5. Results : effect upon national life. 

IV. Wars of the Roses (1455-1485). 

1. Rivalry of the Houses of York and Lancaster. 

2. Battles: St. Albans, Towton Field, Bosworth Field* 

3. Results : effect on English liberty. 

V. English Language and Literature. 

1. Chaucer, "Father of English poetry" (i34o(?)-i40o). 

2. William Langland : Vision of Piers the Plowman (1362). 

3. John Wychffe : the English Bible (1380). 

4. William Caxton : the printing press (1474). 

25 



'^ 



V. 




studies on the Growth of England to 1500 

1. Summarize the effect upon England of Saxon, Danish, and Norman rule. 

2. Point out the events which made the era of the Plantagenets a most important one. 
Indicate on a sketch map the dominions of the early Plantagenets. 

3. What had been the attitude of the Norman kings toward the Papacy? How did the 
acts of Henry II and John affect the relations of England and Rome? 

4. Trace the progress made in law under Henry II. What circumstances prevented 
absolute monarchy in England? (Mxix) 

5. Show how Philip II dispossessed the English kings of their French lands. Weigh the 
loss and gain to England. 

6. Point out fundamental principles of English liberty found in the Great Charter. 
Do they hold good for us? (Axiv) 

7. Contrast the misrule in England in the thirteenth century with the strong rule of the 
French kings. What similar institutions resulted in both countries? 

8. Why is the right of self-taxation so essential to Hberty? Give some instances in 
which this right was made a weapon against the English kings. 

9. Why is Earl Simon entitled to the lasting gratitude of the English? What instances 
of popular representation can you find in England before 1265? 

10. What conditions peculiar to England led to the union of nobles and commons in the 
struggle for liberty? 

11. Why has Edward I been called "every inch an Enghshman"? "the English 
Justinian "? 

12. Why was the Model Parliament so called? Give a specimen writ of summons. 

13. On what grounds did the Angevin kings claim overlordship of Ireland? of Wales? 
of Scotland? (M) 

14. Who were the heroes of the struggle for Welsh independence? How were the 
Welsh finally made loyal supporters of the Enghsh throne? 

15. Who are the national heroes of Scotland? What evils did Scotch independence bring 
in its train? Show good effects of the struggle on both sides. 

16. Show by maps the relative area of French and Enghsh territory in France in 1180, 
1280, 1360, and 1429? (H 228) 

17. What mediaeval institution received its death-blow at Cr^cy? What does the battle 
mark in the science of war? Give some interesting facts from Froissart's account. 

18. Describe the social, economic, and religious effects of the Black Death. 

19. Why was it left for a girl to save Orleans? Who triumphed when the English burned 
Joan of Arc at Rouen? Give Green's estimate of her character and work. 

20. Which nation suffered most in the Hundred Years' War? What did each gain? 

21. Quote from Langland Hues which describe the condition of the peasants before the 
Revolt of 1 38 1. Show good effects of the revolt. 

22. Was there any need or excuse for the Wars of the Roses? Why is the Earl of War- 
wick such an interesting figure? 

23. Write an account of Chaucer which shall include some of his portraits of the English 
people of his time. 

24. Estimate the mfluence of Wycliffe and of Caxton on the progress of English thought. 



26 



France under the Capetians and the Valois to 1498 

I. The Capetians (987-1328). 

1. .Sources of their strength. 

2. Gradual organization of a monarchy. 

3. Philip II : acquisition of territory. 

4. Influence of the Crusades. 

5. Louis IX (12 26-1 2 70) : strengthening of the State. 

6. Philip the Fair (1285-1314). 

a. Recognition of the Third Estate. 

b. AboHtion of Order of Knights Templars. 

II. The Valois (1328-1498). 

1. Effects of the Hundred Years' War. 

2. Louis XI (1461-1483) : consolidation of France. 

a. Ruin of vassal nobles ; Charles the Bold. 

b. Increase of territory. 

3. Charles VIII (i 483-1 498). 

a. Extension of boundaries. 

b. Invasion of Italy. 

III. French Language and Literature. 

1. Two dialects : origin and fate. 

2. Provengal : songs of the Troubadours. 

3. Old French : romances of the Trouveurs. 

a. Song of Roland. 

b. Knights of the Round Table. 

c. Romance of Alexander. 

4. Froissart's Chronicles. 

5. Influence upon European literature. 



27 



lies on France under the Capetians and the Mediaeval Valois 

1 . Describe the political condition of the Franks for a century after the siege of Paris 
(885). How did the Dukes of France win the crown from the Carolingians ? I 

2. Did the domains of Hugh Capet correspond with his title " King of the Gauls, 
Bretons, Normans, Aquitanians, Goths, Spaniards, and Basques"? 

3. What were the two tasks of the Capetians? To what was their success due? 
Mention some circumstances which aided them. (Mxviii) 

4. Point out the obstacles which prevented the Capetians from establishing real kingly 
power for more than two centuries. (Rx) 

5. How did Louis VH come into conflict with Henry H of England? What task did he 
leave to his son Philip H? 

6. Describe the character of Philip II. Why was he given the title Augustus ? (H2 14) 

7. Tell the story of the taking of Richard the Lion-Hearted's Chateau Gaillard. 

8. Why has the day of Bouvines been called " the greatest single day in the history of 
the Middle Ages " ? Point out important results for three countries. 

9. How was the financial and military organization which supported Philip at Bouvines 
created? What makes this " the first modern battle "? (EM325) 

10. What was the attitude of the French kings toward the communes and non-nobles? 
Did they respect the rights of the feudal nobles? 

1 1 . How did Blanche of Castile save the monarchy for Louis IX ? Has any woman ever 
ruled France in her own right? Has France broken or kept the true Salic law? (H) 

12. Show that Louis IX was "another Aurelius, abetter Charlemagne, richly meriting 
the title of Saint." Quote his good advice in regard to dress. (Rrx) 

13. April 10, 1302, an assembly of the barons, chief ecclesiastics, and deputies of com- 
munes " to deliberate on certain affairs concerning in the highest degree King, 
Kingdom, Church, and all and sundry," marks what beginning? Why did it not 
become as dangerous to the power of the king as the English Parliament? 

14. Discover from our word seigniorage the condition of the coinage under Philip the 
Fair. Why was he called "the lawyer's king"? "the most modern of European 
monarchs "? 

15. Write a brief account of the Hundred Years' War from the French point of view. 

16. What in France corresponds to the English Peasants' Revolt of 1381? 

17. Describe the most notable effort for constitutional government in France before 1789. 
Was the victory of monarchy over aristocracy in France a victory for freedom? Does 
Third Estate mean the people ? 

18. On what field was patriotism shown for the first time in history? What in an aristo- 
crat corresponds to patriotism in the people? 

19. Show how the unification of France was accomplished in the reign of Louis XI. Does 
he deserve to be called the "most rascally of rascals" and " the universal spider"? 

20. Why should southern France have had a higher civilization than northern? How 
was it destroyed? Quote Lavisse's estimate of the influence of France upon culture. 

21. Point out the three elements of Western civilization represented in the romances of 
the Trouveurs. Tell the song-story of Aucassin and Nicolete. 

22. Why is Froissart a favorite with boys? Repeat his tale of the Black Prince and King 
John. 

28 



: The Rise of Spain 

j^"^ — 

I. Condition under Moslem Rule. 

11. Crusade against the Moors. 

III. Foundation of Spanish Monarchy. 

1. Union of Castile and Aragon (1479). 

2. Conquest of Granada (1492). 

IV. Strengthening of the Monarchy : Ferdinand and Isabella. 
V. Spanish Character. 

1. Effect of the Moorish wars. 

2. Influence of the Inquisition. 

VI. Spanish Language and Literature. 

1. Spread of Castilian speech. 

2. The national epic : the Cid. 

^^ Granada in the days of Yusef was as a silver vase filled with emeralds and jacinths r 

1. Describe the civilization of Spain under her Moslem rulers. How did they treat the 
conquered peoples? (Mix) 

2. What important industries did the Moors introduce into the West? Give some idea 
of their commerce. Make a list of words which we owe to them. 

3. For how many years did the Saracens rule Spain? Describe some of the most 
wonderful remains of their architecture. 

4. Repeat Irving's tale of Alhamar, the founder of the Alhambra. 

5. Show that the struggle of the Christian princes with the Moslems is well named ''a 
perpetual crusade." What was the chief reason for the ineffectiveness of this crusade ? 

6. About what time were the Moslem possessions limited to Granada? 

7. What does the story of the Cid show was the course of a soldier of fortune in the 
wars with the Moors? 

8. What problems faced Ferdinand and Isabella? How did they establish order ? 

9. What did the fall of Granada mean for Spain and her position in Europe? 
Why did the people secure political rights in Spain earlier than in any other 
European country? By what means did Ferdinand increase the royal power at 
the expense of the nobility? (MM408) 

11. What is the darkest stain upon the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella? What did 
Queen Isabella say herself that she had done "in the love of Christ "? 

12. Describe the scene in the life of Isabella which is of most interest to Americans. 

13. Why may Ferdinand be called the father of modern international politics? How did 
he use the Inquisition to unify his kingdom? 

14. Explain the origin of the peculiar characteristics of the Spaniards which put them 
out of sympathy with the other European peoples. 

15. Account for the marvelous growth of Spain which made her the wonder of sixteenth- 
century Europe. (H257) 

Tell the story of the formation of the little state of Portugal by Christian knights. 
When did it acquire the dignity of a kingdom? (Mm) 

29 



10 



16 



*ts 



Growth of the German Nation to 15 19 

I. The Kingdom of the East Franks (843), 

1. Character of the kingdom. 

2. Its possibilities. 

II. Otto the Great. 

1. Revival of the Empire (963). 

2. Consequences to Germany and Italy. 

III. The Hohenstaufen Emperors (1138-1254). 

1. Frederick Barbarossa (i 152— 1 190). 

a. Absorption in Italian affairs. 

b. Glory of the Empire revived. 

2. Henry VI and Frederick II (i 190-1250). 

a. Kingdom of Sicily. 

b. Policy in Germany. 

3. Condition of Germany : neglect of the emperors. 

IV. The Interregnum (125 4- 127 3). 

1. The seven Electors. 

2. Sale of the Empire. 

3. Growth of freedom. 

a. Confederations of towns ; Hanseatic League. 

b. Free imperial cities. 

.'[ iV. Rise of the Swiss Republic. 

1. Struggle with the House of Hapsburg. 

2. The Everlasting Compact (1291). 

a. Famous battles ; Morgarten, Sempach, Nafels. 

b. Swiss heroes ; William Tell, Arnold of Winkelried. 

3. Swiss Confederation (1499). 

VI. The Bohemians. 

1. Relations with England. 

2. The Hussites. 

a. John Huss and Jerome of Prague. 

b. Result of the Crusade. 

VII. The House of Hapsburg. 

1. Hereditary emperors since 1438. 

2. Maximilian I : attempts at constitutional reform. 

VIII. Condition of Germany at the Close of the Middle Ages. 
IX. German Literature. 

1. The German epic : Lay of the Nibelungs. 

2. The Minnesingers : influence of their songs. 

3. Romances of chivalry : Parsifal. 

4. Influence of Humanism. 



30 



_S£!i;j^^^ 



Studies on the Growth of the German Nation to 15 19 

From what year may we properly speak of a France and a Germany? What was 
the chief task of the kings of Germany to the time of Otto the Great? 

2. What conditions on the eastern borders of Germany increased the power of the 
dukes and counts? When do the separate histories of Austria and Prussia begin? 

3. In what respect was the crowning of Otto as Emperor of Rome a fatal step for both 
Germany and Italy? Which country suffered more from its consequences? Was 
there any compensation? 

4. What victory of Otto may be ranked with Chalons and Tours? Describe the mode 
of life and coming into Europe of the conquered race. What do you suppose they 
thought of the mihtary prowess of Europe? Sketch their subsequent history. (Cx) 

5. Show that the imperial power of Otto is more unlike than hke Charlemagne's. (Em) 

6. Explain why Otto's reign deserves to be called one of the most extraordinary in 
German history. What mistake did his son and grandson make? 

7. What was the new policy of Frederick Barbarossa? Upon what maxim of Roman 
law did he base his treatment of the Italian cities? (Ax) 

8. Describe the scene at the Diet of Mainz (1184), which marks the height of German 
monarchical power. (Em) 

9. What longing of the Germans found expression in the legend of the sleeping 
Barbarossa ? 

0. Was Frederick II rightfully called the greatest prince in the world? What did he 
do for Sicily? Compare his rule in Germany. (Hx) 

1. What evils did an elective monarchy bring to Germany? How did it happen that 
she had an English and a Spanish king at the same time ? 

2. To what condition did ''fist right" bring Germany? How did the towns defend 
themselves ? 

3. Write a paper on the Hanseatic League. What was the Steelyard? 

4. What did the policy of the Electors show was their attitude towards a national 
government? Did the emperors do much more toward reconstruction? 

5. How did the Hapsburg family become established in Austria? What did it lose at 
Morgarten and Sempach ? 

5. What advantages had the Swiss in their struggle for independence? Show by meana^ 

of a map the growth of the Swiss Republic. 
7. What effect did the Golden Bull of Charles IV have upon the constitution of G 

many? Why was he called the " father of Bohemia but the stepfather of the Empire 

From what event dates the double-headed eagle as the ensign of Germany ? 
\. Who was the last emperor to be crowned at Rome? What did the A.E.I.O 

inscribed on all his possessions mean? (H258) 
). What did Maximihan say of the Fatherland when his plans for peace and nationa 

unity failed? What was the difficulty? 
). What share did Charlemagne have in the beginnings of German literature? How 

did Latin Christianity check its development? 
:. Give some idea of the Nibelungenlied. Wao has done most to make it famous? To 

what other national epics does it correspond ? 
'. How great was the influence of the Minnesingers of Germany? Name the great 

heroes of German romance. 

31 



W^^'' 



Mediaeval Italy 

I. The Conquerors of Italy. 
II. Italy under the Emperors. 

III. The City-Republics : liberty and despotism. 

IV. Attempts at Political Unity. 

1. Rienzi, Tribune of Rome (1347) : success and failure. 

2. The Five Great States : rivalry and discord. 

3. Influence of Macchiavelli, 

V. Invasion of Charles VIII (1495) : Savonarola. 

VI. National Unity through the Renaissance. 

T/ii's land of Italy ! no other land on the face of the earth is so permeated, so inspired, 
with the spirit of the past. Nature and history have both emptied their treasures over 
her. — Gregorovius. 

1. Name the various nations which conquered and ruled in Italy during the Middle 
Ages. What do you mean when you say Italy was but " a geographical expression"? 

2. Why did feudalism never gain a strong hold upon Italy? What form of government 
took its place? 

3. Explain why Italy and Germany did not develop national governments before the 
last half of the nineteenth century. 

4. What conditions favored the rise of independent cities in Italy? 

5. What was the first great lesson learned by the industrial population of the Italian 
cities? What institution destined to revolutionize European life resulted? (EM285) 

6. What two great political principles fought for life at Legnano? 

7. Point out principles of modern international law, on a small scale, in the Lombard 
League. 

8. What did Dante consider the golden age of Italy? Can you see why? 

9. Describe the condition of Rome when Rienzi appeared as her deliverer. What 
good did he do? How did he ruin his influence? 

10. When did Italy become independent of the emperors? Why has Italy been likened 
to "an old man of the sea " upon the neck of Germany? 

11. Who gave most support to despotic rule in Italy? How did he propose to secure 
a national government? Who were the condottieri ? 

12. Compare the government of Florence with that of an American city under "boss 
rule." How did Savonarola endeavor to make it a model state? (R363) 

13. Draw conclusions in regard to the condition of Italy from the spectacular promenade 
of Charles VIII. What was its effect upon the French? 

14. How did civilization profit from the political discord and strenuous freedom of the 
Italian cities? 

15. What retarded the development of an Italian language? Who first made it national? 
By what means? 



32 



Northern and Eastern Europe to 1500 

I. Norway, Denmark, and Sweden: Union of Calmar (1397). 



II. Russia. 

1. Rurik : union of Norsemen and Slavs (about 862). 

2. Loose confederacy of warring principalities (105 4-1 240). 

3. Mongol invasion : devastation and subjection. 

4. Rise of Muscovy: Ivan the Great (1462-1505). 

III. The Turanian Invaders. 

1. The Hungarians or Magyars. 

2 . The Mongols : origin and character. 

a. Conquest of Asia and Europe; Jenghis Khan (1206). 

b. Kublai Khan (1259) and Marco Polo. Tamerlane, lord of all Asia (1369). 

c. The Great Moguls in India (1525) ; splendor of their courts. 

d. Effect upon European civilization, 

3. The Ottoman Turks. 

a. Beginnings of the Ottoman Empire in Asia Minor (about 1250). 

b. In Europe (about 1360) ; checked by Mongols. 

c. Fall of Constantinople (1453); significance. 

d. Influence of the Turks in Europe. 

1. Of what importance are the Scandinavian countries in mediseval history? At what 
time were they most prosperous and active ? 

2. Point out political and religious reasons for the isolation of Russia in the Middle 
Ages. How did it serve Europe? 

3. Who was the first "Tzar and Autocrat of all the Russias "? What did he do for his 
kingdom? How did circumstances help him? 

4. Contrast the effects of the invasions of the Germans and Turanians. 

5. When was Hungary numbered among the Christian states? What influence did the 
Christianizing of Hungary have upon the Crusades? What is peculiar about the 
Hungarian crown? (Em 15 7) 

6. Point out the most remarkable achievements of the Mongols in the thirteenth and 
fourteenth centuries. Why should Americans be interested in Marco Polo? 

7. Can you see how the Tartar scourge aided European civilization? How great was 
its influence upon Russia? 

8. Why is the Kingdom of the Great Moguls so famous? To what influences are the 
wonderful art and architecture of the Mongols probably due? 

9. Trace the growth of the Ottoman Empire. Why did not the European states unite 
in a crusade against the Ottomans? 

10. Why were the Greek emperors able to hold Constantinople two hundred years after 
the overthrow of the Latin Empire? 

11. When did it look as if the Turks would place the Crescent upon the dome of 
St. Peter's? What saved Western Europe? Why are the Turks still in Europe? 



ZZ 




The Renaissance 

'^The Spirit and Meaning of the "New Birth." 
11. Developing Influences. 

1 . The Crusades : Byzantine and Arab culture. 

2. Vernacular literatures : Scholasticism: the universities. 

3. Town life : trade and commerce. 

4. The Classics. 

III. The Italian Renaissance. 

1. Causes. 

a. Life of the cities ; Florence. 

b. Classical inheritance. Dante. 

2. Two phases. 

a. Revival of classical literature ; Humanism. 
. (i) Petrarch and his disciples; Boccaccio. 

(2) Study of Greek and search for manuscripts. 

(3) Libraries ; translation and criticism. 

(4) Patrons ; the Medici and the popes. 

(5) Invention of printing; the Aldine Press. 

b. Revival of classical art. 

(i) Essential characteristics. 

(2) Painting, the supreme art. I 

(a) Four masters, — Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Michael Angelo, Titian.j 

(b) Subjects, — Christian and pagan. 

(3) Sculpture; Niccola Pisano, Ghiberti, Donatello. 

(4) Architecture ; Brunelleschi, Alberti, Bramante. 

3. Resulting paganism and immorality. 

4. Spread of Humanism to the North. 

IV. Effects of the Renaissance. 

1. Ideas of life and its use revolutionized. 

2. Christian and classical culture revived. 

3. Literature and learning reformed, refined, and enriched. 

4. Knowledge increased : invention and discovery encouraged. ' 



34 



studies on the Renaissance 

The discovery of the world and of man. — Michelet. 

A new love of the things of the iiitellect and the imagination. — Pater. 

The attainmejit of self-conscious freedom by the human spirit. — Symonds. 

1. What caused the destruction of the old Roman state schools and the loss of knowledge 
of the classics? 

2. Point out distinct epochs of revival which foreshadowed the Renaissance of the 
fifteenth century. What influence had Charlemagne and Frederick II? 

3. Why was Scholasticism a barrier to the progress of true knowledge? What were its 
good points? Why did the vernacular literatures stir men as it never could? 

4. Show that Dante and Abelard belong to the modern world although thoroughly 
mediaeval men. How did a man of the Middle Ages differ from a modern man in 
his individuahty ? (Axv) 

5. The Italians were ".the first-born among the sons of modern Europe." Why? 

6. Was Petrarch more or less modern than Dante? Why is to understand Petrarch to 
understand the Renaissance? Quote from his description of himself. (RR524) 

7. What led Petrarch to say that " the first of poets and the first of philosophers took 
up their abode with him "? Can you say the same? 

8. For what is the world most grateful to Boccaccio? Why was the coming into Italy of 
Chrysoloras, the Greek teacher, such a momentous event in the history of culture? 

9. For what is classical antiquity indebted to the Renaissance? Show how popes and 
civil rulers alike helped in the work. 

10. Give some account of the founding of the famous Vatican library. (RR529) How 
was Italy still Magna G?-cecia ? 

11. Quote Hallam's estimate of the importance of the invention of the art of printing. 
Give some idea of the spread of the art through Europe. (H278) 

12. Why is the Aldine Press so noted? What books were first printed? 

13. Explain the conditions which blighted Humanism in Italy and drove it across the 
Alps. Account for the different spirit of the Renaissance in the North. 

14. What was the most suitable medium for the expression of Christian art? Why does 
the history of art in the Renaissance become a history of artists? 

15. Name the only modem sculptor worthy to be placed beside the greatest of ancient 
Greece. What did he say of Ghiberti's masterpiece ? 

16. Quote Vasari on the versatility of Leonardo da Vinci. (RR535) 

17. Which of the sciences that grew up in the Renaissance most influenced the writing 
of history? Find some parallels to the work of modern scholars. 

18. What geographical discoveries were opening a New World to the New Spirit of the 
Modern Age? Does the work of Columbus belong to ancient or to modern times? 

19. Why was France inhospitable to the New Learning? In what does she show the 
artistic influence of the Renaissance? 

20. Do you see how the Renaissance led the world to lay stress upon personaUty rather 
than upon institutions? 

21. In what relation does the Renaissance stand to the religious and political revolutions 
which followed it? 



35 



studies on the Middle Ages 



Prove that "between the civilization of Italy in the seventh and in the fifteenth cen- 
turies there is less in common than between the life of ancient Athens and that of 
Boston." 

2. What does Adams consider the four chief sources of our civilization? the distinctive 
difference between the development of ancient and modern civilization ? 

3. What has been called the most precious legacy of Rome to the world? 

4. What were the strongest moving forces in the disruption of the Roman Empire 
in the West? 

5. Show the chief economic causes for the passing of power from the Roman State. 

6. Compare the condition of Gaul as Caesar found it with its condition under Roman 
rule, and under the Franks. Compare Clovis and Caesar. (Ai) 

7. When and why were the Roman legions withdrawn from Britain? Under what cir- 
cumstances was the connection of Britain with Roman civilization reestabhshed ? 

8. Describe some of the most interesting bits of ancient Rome in England to-day. 

9. Name some English counties which still retain the names of early tribal kingdoms. 
Who was the first real king of the English? 

10. Give examples of peoples who were invited into lands of which they became con- 
querors or despoilers. 

11. When did a horse cost less than his bridle, and why? Why has " I never shall see 
Carcassonne " become a type of a sad lament? (B) 

12. Why is the reign of Charlemagne a turning point in history? What prototype had 
his institution of the missi dominici in ancient times? 

13. When do we catch a glimpse for the first time in European history of a family of 
nations hving within distinct boundaries and dealing with each other on equal terms ^ 
(Evi) 

14. Where do we find the beginning of the problem which has disturbed the peace of 
Europe ever since, — the problem of Alsace-Lorraine ? 

15. Explain the rise of the pohtical-religious problem which is the center of interest in 
mediaeval history. 

16. Show the services of feudalism to order and good government. What caused its 
decline? When did it disappear as a political power in France? In what did its 
influence continue? 

17. What modern institutions were born in the feudal castle, the medieval town, and the 
monastery? 

18. Name several important leagues of cities and point out their services to civilization. 
Why did the city never play so important a part in England as on the Continent? 
(Axil) 

19. What does the increase of commerce and development of cities mean for the third 
estate? for law and order? 

20. What poKtical process is going on during the later Middle Ages in France? in Ger- 
many? in England? 



36 



studies on the Middle Ages 



Prove that " Kings without a country, rulers without authority, clergymen without 
religious character, laws without a sanction, privileges without rights " are common 
occurrences in mediaeval times. 

2. Prove that the thirteenth century was "above all things the age of the lawyer and 
legislator." Why should lawyers prove more loyal servants of the crown than nobles 
or clergy? 

3. What rights must a king have to call himself " the State " ? Who was the first French 
king to have these rights? 

4. How early in history was it said of the English king, " He is appointed to protect 
his subjects and their lives, properties, and laws ; for this very end and purpose he 
has the delegation of power from the people, and he has no just claim to any other 
power but this "? 

5. Trace the origin of our modern jury system. How does it protect personal hberty? 
Of what danger is it in a democracy ? (Axiv) 

6. How long did the English kings bear the title King of France ? What is the origin 
of the title of Dauphin ? Did it arise before or after that of the Prince of Wales ? 

7. Contrast the development of monarchical power in France and England. 

8. Indicate the great lines of progress which run through the last half of the Middle 
Ages. Account for the distinctly religious character of thought. 

9. Which was the period of Rome's deepest barbarism? Account for its condition. 

10. Contrast the medieval with the modern view of man and his relation to the world. 
Why is Roger Bacon such a pathetic figure of the thirteenth century? 

11. What did these men do for European civilization, — the monk, the crusader, the 
wandering scholar, the troubadour, the mendicant friar, the merchant, the despot, 
the longbowman? 

12. Mention the piece of literature which best embodies the national spirit of each 
great European state before the Renaissance. 

13. To what do these lines of Longfellow refer? 

This poem of the earth and air, 
This mediaeval miracle of song. 

14. Why was the Renaissance "an Italian event"? Point out some ways in which we 
are children of the Renaissance. 

15. Who was " the Janus-faced "? " the first modern scholar and man of letters "? " the 
father of Humanism "? " the fame of the Tuscan people "? 

16. In the closing years of the Middle Ages where do you find the greatest desire for 
reform and a deeper religious life? 

17. Name the different orders of architecture which had their rise in the Middle Ages, 
and give examples of each. 

18. Describe with the help of illustrations some famous remains of mediaeval architec- 
ture : for instance, the papal palace at Avignon, the Castle of Falaise, the gates of 
Lubeck, the cathedral of Rheims. 

19. Can you prove that institutions are "really only the habits of nations"? Which 
of the institutions of the Middle Ages exist to-day? 



37 



Chronology of the Middle Ages 



West 


Century 


East 


A.D. 


. . Ulfilas, bishop of the Goths 


4th 


Goths at Hadrianople .... 
Death of Theodosius .... 


A.D. 

• • 378 

• • 395 


410 


. . Alaric sacks Rome 


5th 






449 


. . Anglo-Saxons in England 








451 


. . Huns checked at Chalons 








476 


. . " Fall of Rome " 








486 


. . Franks win at Soissons 








493 


. . Theodoric rules Italy 








568 


. . Lombards in Italy 


6th 


Justinian restores the Empire . 


• • 553 


590 


. . Gregory the Great 








597 


. Augustine in Britain 










7th 


The Hegira of Mohammed . . 


. . 622 


732 


. Moors checked at Tours 


8th 






800 


. Charlemagne crowned Emperor 








843 


. Treaty of Verdun 


9th 






878 


. Peace of Wedmore 




Rurik begins Russia .... 


. . 862 


911 


Duchy of Normandy 


loth 






962 


. Otto restores the Empire 








987 


. Accession of Hugh Capet 




Conversion of Russia .... 


. . 988 


1066 


. Norman Conquest 


nth 






1077 . 


Henry IV at Canossa 




First Crusade 








1 1 22 . 


. Concordat of Worms 


1 2th 






"54 • 


. Henry II of England 




Second Crusade 


• • "47 


1176 . 


. Emperor humbled at Legnano 








1 180 . 


. Philip II of France 




Saladin conquers Jerusalem . . 


. . 1184 


1215 . 


. The Great Charter 


13th 


Christians sack Constantinople 


. . 1204 


1265 . 


. Parliament 




Children's Crusade 


. . 1212 


1270 . 


. Death of Louis IX 








1273 • 


. Rudolph of Hapsburg 




Minor Crusades 


1228-1291 


1302 . 


. The States-General 


14th 




j 


1338 . 


. Hundred Years' War 






1 


1348 . 


. The Black Death 






1 


1378 . 


. The Great Schism 




Turks in Europe 


. . 1360 


1414 . 


. Council of Constance 


15th 






1431 • 


. Joan of Arc 








'453 • 


. English driven from France 




Turks take Constantinople . . 


• • 1453 


1461 . 


. Louis XI 




Rise of Muscovy 


. . 1462 


1479 • 


. Union of Castile and Leon 








1485 . 


. Bosworth Field. The Tudors 








1492 . 


. Conquest of Granada 
Discovery of America 









38 



OUTLINES AND STUDIES ON THE 
MODERN AGE 



40 



Wait, we say, our years are long, 
Men are weak, but Man is strong. 
Since the stars first curved their rings 
We have looked on many things ; 
Great wars come and great wars go, 
Wolf tracks light on polar snow. — Lowell. 

That drama of liberty wherein Renaissance was the first act, Reformation the second, 
and Revolution the third, and which we nations of the present are still evolving in estab- 
lishing the democratic idea. - — Symonds. 



For He that ruleth high and wise. 

Nor pauseth in His plan. 
Will take the sun out of the skies 

Ere freedom out of man. — Emerson. 



I 



It was English literature which taught the lesson of political liberty, first to France, 
and then France to the rest of Europe. — Buckle. 

Imperialism is coming to its appointed end. It has tired out the peoples. In France, 
in Germany, in Italy, in Russia, — everywhere we have the signs of reaction. Liberal 
ideas are again beginning to hold the world ; to inspire and govern it. That is natural, 
because the rule of force is seen to be absolutely unbearable. — The Speaker. 

The time of conquest is past. It is not by extending the boundaries of its territory 
that a nation can henceforward be honored and powerful, but by placing itself at the 
head of generous ideas and spreading everywhere the empire of justice and right. — 
Louis Napoleon. 

The law of righteousness and justice on which the great and free American people 
should act . . . depends not on parallels of latitude or meridians of longitude or points 
of the compass. It is the same in the eastern archipelago as in the Antilles. It is the 
same in the islands of the sea as on the continent. It is the same yesterday, to-day, and 
forever. It is as true now as when our fathers declared it in 1776. The only powers of 
government the American people can recognize are just powers, and those powers rest 
upon the consent of the governed. — LLoar. 



41 



Era of 

Protestant 

Revolution 

(1492-1648) 



Outline of Modern History- 
Discoveries and Colonization. 
The German Protestants. 
Ascendancy of Spain. 
The CathoHc Reformation. 
The Enghsh Protestants. 
Religious Wars on the' Continent. 



Era of 

Political 

Revolution 

(i 648-1900) 



' Ascendancy of France under Louis XIV. 
The Stuarts and the English Revolution. 
Rise of Russia and Prussia. 
The Bourbons and the French Revolution. 
The Napoleonic Period. 
Restoration and Democratic Reaction. 



42 



^ 



Discovery and Colonization in the 15th and i6th Centuries 

I. Signs of the New Age. 

1. Intellectxial activity: Copernicus and Galileo. 

2. Religious inquiry : the reformers. 

3. Political progress : the new nations. 

4. Useful inventions : printing, gunpowder, the compass. 

II. Maritime Explorations. 

1. Mediaeval ideas of the Earth. 

2. Portuguese expeditions. 

a. Prince Henry (1394-1460). 

b. Coasting Africa ; the slave trade. 

c. Bartholomew Diaz; the Cape of Good Hope (i486). 

d. Vasco da Gama doubles the Cape (1498). 

3. Spanish expeditions. 

a. Effect of the " Demarcation Line." 

b. Previous knowledge of the Indies and Cathay. 

c. Columbus ; his unique career. 

d. Magellan; circumnavigation of the globe (15 19-1522). 

e. Ponce de Leon, Balboa, de Soto, Orellano. 

4. Influence upon men's minds. 

III. Colonial Empires. 

1. Portuguese settlements. 

a. On the coasts and islands of Africa. 

b. In the East Indies. 

c. In America. 

2. Spanish possessions. 

a. Conquest of Mexico ; Cortez (1519-1521). 

b. Conquest of Peru ; Pizarro (1532-153 6). 

c. Greater Spain. 

3. Importance to the European states. 

IV. Parallels in the Sixteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. 



43 



-m- 



3 on Discovery and Colonization in the 15 th and i6th Centuries 

^.^ra of romantic enterprise the world has never seen before or since. — Fiske. 

1. Can you explain why the voyages of the Northmen in the tenth and eleventh cen- 
turies were not followed up and the New World discovered earlier ? 

2. Point out the conditions in eastern Europe in the fifteenth century which forced 
the search for an outside route to India. 

3. Follow the course of a bag of spice from Calcutta to Venice before the opening of 
the Cape route. Explain how the merchants disposed of their goods. (W82) 

4. Why were Portugal and Spain naturally the pioneers in maritime discoveries ? What 
prevented Germany from undertaking such enterprises ? 

5. What motives impelled the explorers? Why should the desire for spices be the chief 
motive ? Show the effect of legends hke that of Frester John ; and the influence of 
the travels of the Polo brothers. 

6. Compare the caravels of the fifteenth century with the Norwegian " dragons " of the 
tenth. Why did the navigators of this period need keener intellectual powers than 
those of to-day? 

7. How did the Portuguese get into the habit of sailing south along the coast of Africa? 
What discoveries of Prince Henry were epoch-making? 

8. Explain why the Portuguese pushed to the east and the Spanish to the west ? 

9. Why have the voyages of the fifteenth century been called "a race for the Indies "? 
Mark the steps in its progress. Which nation won the race? Which profited most 
by the results? 

0. Illustrate by actual occurrences the perils which threatened the sailors who entered 
Spanish or Portuguese waters after the " Demarcation Line " was drawn. 

1. Was it fortunate or otherwise that Columbus was ignorant of the size of the Earth? 
What convictions urged him on in his undertaking ? 

2. In what respects do Toscanelh's map and Behaim's globe most differ from the maps 
and globes of to-day? 

3. What traits of Columbus make him a superior type of the modern man ? 

4. Contrast Vasco da Gama's return from the Indies in 1499 and that of Columbus in 
1500. What do we regret that Columbus did not know before he died? 

5. What did Magellan's contemporaries say of his exploit ? Compare his achievements 
with those of Columbus. Do you agree with Draper? 

6. Explain : " There go the sons of the Admiral of Mosquito-land, the man who has 
discovered a land of vanity and deceit, the grave of Spanish gentlemen.'? 

7. To what in ancient history may the expansion of Europe into Greater Europe be 
compared? Why were England and France so late in establishing colonial empires? 

8. What reasons have been given for the low stage of civilization in the New World? 
Of what service has this primitive civilization been to the historian ? 

9. Give some account of the civilization of Mexico and Peru before the Spanish con- 
quest. What do the revolting crimes of the conquerors foreshadow to you? 

0. How was it that men hke Prince Henry and Las Casas were led to countenance 
negro slavery? Why does Fiske class the latter with Garrison and Lincoln? 



44 



The Beginnings of the Reformation 

I. Germany before the Protestant Revolution. 

1. Political confusion : conflicting claims of Church and State. 

2. Social and economic conditions. 

3. Intellectual activity : influence of 

a. The Italian Renaissance. 

b. The Oxford Reformers, — Colet, Erasmus, More. 

c. The German humanists, — Agricola, Reuchlin, Hutten. 

d. The printing press. 

4. Religious awakening. 

a. Popular enthusiasm. 

b. Dissatisfaction with the Church. 

c. Desire for reform. 

d. Reformers within the Church. 

II. The Lutheran Revolt. 

1. Martin Luther, Augustinian monk and professor of theology. 

a. Early life and training. 

b. Theses against Tetzel (1517). 

c. Address to the German nobility. 

d. Defense at Diet of Worms. 

e. At the Wartburg ; the German Bible. 

2. Progress of the Revolt. 

a. Influence of fanatics and the Peasants' War. 

b. Secularization of Church property ; Duchy of Prussia. 

c. Second Diet of Spires ; Protestants (1529). 

d. Augsburg Confession ; Melanchthon. 

III. The Catholic Reaction. 

1. Divisions among Protestants : Lutherans, Zwinglians, Calvinists, 

2. Catholic Reformation. 

a. Council of Trent (1563) ; correction of abuses. 

b. Carlo Borromeo in Italy. 

c. The Inquisition ; attitude of both sides towards nonconformists. 

d. Society of Jesus (1540). 

(i) Loyola ; educational conquests. 
(2) Xavier ; missionary conquests. 

3. Spain's championship of Catholicism. 

IV. The Hundred Years of Religious Wars. 
V. Results of the Protestant Revolt. 



45 



studies on the Protestant Revolution 

■=</%^ Elbe with all its waves could not furnish tears enough to weep over the miseries of 
the distracted Reformation. — Melanchthon. 

1. What revohs against the mediaeval Church antedate the Protestant Revolution? 
What had they accomplished ? 

2. Show that the Protestant Revolt was a political and social even more than it was a 
religious movement. 

3. Describe the political organization of Germany at the opening of the sixteenth cen- 
tury. In whose hands was the real power? How was justice obtained? (Rxxiv) 

4. Describe the economic condition of the German people before the Revolution. What 
was the religious feeling of the time? 

5. Show the influence of the humanists upon German thought. What fear of Erasmus 
regarding the influence of the New Learning had been realized? 

6. What causes of discontent with the administration of the Church led the German 
people to desire some sort of reform? 

7. What was the feeling of most of the reformers in regard to the unity of Christendom? 
How did they hope to bring about needed reforms? 

8. Compare the convictions of Erasmus and Luther. What was the attitude of Erasmus 
toward the Lutheran movement? 

9. On what grounds did the Emperor in the Edict of Worms declare Luther an outlaw? 
What did the Edict say of his writings? 

10. What is the debt of the German language and literature to Luther? 

11. What brought discredit upon the Protestant cause? Explain the attitude of the 
German princes. 

12. Was there any such thing as religious toleration in this period? What determined the 
religious belief of a people? Did Protestantism bring toleration? 

13. Gather statements from the "Twelve Articles" showing the misery of the German 
peasants. Did they gain anything by revolt? Compare the peasant wars in France 
and England with the German revolt. 

14. Explain the origin of the term " Protestant." What is the importance of the Augs- 
burg Confession ? 

15. Can you account for the rise of so many Protestant sects? What immediate results 
were most deplorable? 

16. Point out the good eff"ect of the Protestant Revolt upon the Church itself. Why did 
great numbers turn again to the historic Church? 

17. Estimate the importance of the service of the Jesuits to the Church and the cause 
of education. Quote Parkman on the purpose of Loyola. (Win) 

18. Into what lands did Xavier carry Christianity? Give some idea of the work of the 
Jesuits in the New World. 

19. To what must we ascribe the great influence of Calvinism? Name some bodies of 
Calvinists which have had great political influence. 

20. What influence had these men upon the Protestant Revolution? — Colet, Reuchhn, 
Ulrich von Hutten, John Tetzel, John Eck, Charles V, the Elector of Saxony. 



46 



The Ascendancy of Spain 

I. Reign of Emperor Charles V (15 19-15 5 6). 

1. Dominions of Charles : extent and character. 

2. Difficulties facing the Emperor. 

a. The Protestant Revolution. 

b. Rivalry of Francis I of France. 

c. Attacks of Solyman the Magnificent. 

3. Wars with Francis I (15 21-1544). 

a. First War • misfortunes of Francis, the Chevalier Bayard. 

b. Second war ; sack of Rome, the Ladies' Peace. 

c. Third war ; alliance between Francis and the Turks. 

d. Fourth war ; the struggle ended. 

e. Far-reaching consequences. 

4. Defense of Europe against the Turks : Tunis and Algiers. 

5. Alliance with Francis against heretics. 

a. Persecution of the Waldenses. 

b. Wars with Protestant princes. 

(i) Schmalkald League; Maurice of Saxony. 
(2) Religious Peace of Augsburg (1555). 

c. The Inquisition in the Netherlands. 

6. Abdication of Charles (1555, 1556) : his last days. 

IL Reign of Philip II (155 6-1 598). 

1. Philip, the man : a typical Spaniard. 

a. Character and ability. 

b. Principles of government. 

2. Royal domains and revenues in the Old World and the New. 

3. Wars of Philip. 

a. Success in France (1557, 1558). 

b. Crusade against the Moriscos. 

c. Turkish power finally checked at.Lepanto (157 1). 

d. Acquisition of Portugal ; the Duke of Alva, 
(i) Effect upon Spanish power. 

(2) Influence upon Dutch and English colonizatipn. 

e. The "Invincible Armada" (1588). 

III. Reign of Philip III (1598-162 1). 

1. Expulsion of the Moriscos (1609, 16 10). 

2. Loss of the Protestant Netherlands (1609). 

IV. Reasons for the Decadence of Spanish Power. 



47 



studies on the Ascendancy of Spain 

';- The splendid tragedy of Spatiish civilization. — Gore. 

1. In what respects do we find that the land and the people of Spain correspond in 
character? How many races are mingled in the Spaniards of to-day? 

2. In what sort of places do we find the cities and towns of Spain? Why? 

3. What responsibilities fell upon the shoulders of Charles, grandson of Ferdinand I of 
Spain, at the age of sixteen? before he was twenty? With which of his peoples was 
he most in sympathy? 

4. What did the European world expect Charles, with all his power, to do ? How strong 
were his opponents? 

5. What is meant by the "balance of power " in Europe? When did the system really 
begin? How is it the key to this period of history? 

6. Did Spain gain or lose by Charles's acquisition of imperial power? Can you draw a 
parallel? To what condition did Charles bring the Spanish cities? (Bui). 

7. What were the chief bones of contention between Charles and Francis? Outline the 
important events of the wars which resulted. On the whole, was this contest a bless- 
ing or a curse to Europe? 

8. In what purpose were Charles and Francis at one? Had they the same motives? 

9. For what have the Waldenses been persecuted almost to our own time? What are 
they doing to-day? 

10. What influence had Luther always exerted in wars against civil rulers? 

11. What success did Charles have in his wars with the Protestant princes? 

12. Can you excuse the behavior of Maurice of Saxony? Contrast him with the Cheva- 
lier Bayard. 

13. What did the Peace of Augsburg fail to consider? For what did it prepare the way? 
How did the Turks aid the Protestants? 

14. Whose example and teachings directed the policy "of the pitiless Philip the Second 
and the imbecile Philip the Third "? Quote some of his advice. 

15. Did Philip II inherit all his father's possessions? In what respects was he more 
fortunate than his father? 

16. What was the result of Philip's faith in his saying, "Time and I are a match for 
any other two " ? 

17. Show the effect on the economic condition of Spain of the wealth poured into it 
from the New World. 

18. Describe the effect upon the prosperity of Spain of the policy of Charles and his son 
towards the Moriscos. 

19. What war is memorable as the last success of Spain over France? Describe the 
wonderful building which is its monument. 

20. What was the worst consequence of the Turkish power in the Mediterranean in the 
sixteenth century? Why is the battle of Lepanto so famous? 

21. If you judged Philip the Second by his letters to his daughters only, what would you 
say of him? (RR170) In what remarkable words does Blok bring out the two sides 
of his character? 

22. Name the chief diseases which caused the decline of Spain. Shall we blame the 
kings alone? 

48 



-^ 



The Tudors and the English Protestants 

I. Importance of the Tudor Period. 
II. Henry VII (1485-1509): founder of a strong monarchy. 

1. The two pretenders. 

2. Henry's greed : benevolences and fines. 

3. Matrimonial alliances, — fortunate and unfortunate. 

4. Maritime enterprises : the Cabots. 

III. Henry VIII (15 09-1 547). 

1. Conditions surrounding his accession. 

2. Cardinal Wolsey, Archbishop and Lord Chancellor. 

a. Ability and influence. 

b. Patriotic aims. 

3. Henry on the Continent : Field of the Cloth of Gold. Flodden Field. 

4. "Defender of the Faith" (15 21). 

5. Fall of Wolsey. Cromwell's Reign of Terror. 

6. Breach with Rome. 

a. Acts of Parliament ; papal bull. 

b. Act of Supremacy (1534). 

c. Suppression of monasteries j effect upon Parliament. 

7. Henry's wives : Cromwell and bills of attainder. 

8. Character and service of Henry VIII. 

IV. Edward VI (1547-1553): changes in creed and ritual. 

1. Book of Common Prayer and Forty- two Articles. 

2. Acts for Uniformity of Service. 

V. Queen Mary (1553-1558) : Catholic reaction. 

1. Protestant revolt : Lady Jane Grey. 

2. Marriage to Philip II (1554). Loss of Calais (1558). 

3. Reconciliation with Rome. 

VI. Queen Elizabeth (155 8-1603) : final establishment of Protestantism. 

1. Character, ability, and popularity. • 

2. Ministers of " Good Queen Bess." 

3. Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity (1559) : Puritans and Separatists. 

4. Rivalry of Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots. 

5. Philip's Crusade : effect upon the English people. 

a. The Spanish Armada; tactics of the Enghsh (1588). 

b. The Tyrone rebellion ; destruction of Cadiz. 

c. Results to England and to Protestantism. 

6. Maritime and colonial enterprises. 

a. Achievements of Drake, Raleigh, and Frobisher. 

b. Gifts of the New World to the Old. 

VII. English Literature of the Sixteenth Century. 

1, Influence of the humanists : More's Utopia. 

2. Elizabethan Age : Spenser, Shakespeare, Bacon. 

49 



studies on the Tudors and the English Protestants 

'""i. What dangers to popular government appeared in the age of the Tudors? Point out 
the only thing which prevented England from becoming as absolute a monarchy 
.''[^^^?> was France. 

/ Why did Henry VII pursue a peace policy? How did he judge his friends? Relate 
the experience of Erasmus with Henry's revenue laws. (M091) 

3. What seems to you the most worthy achievement of Henry VII's reign? Outhne the 
voyages upon which the Enghsh based their claim to the best part of North America. 

4. Show the result of Henry VIII's abandonment of his father's peace pohcy. Can you 
prove that Queen Catherine of Aragon was " the better man " of the two? 

5. According to Wolsey, what was the source of greatness for England and her best 
attitude toward continental affairs? Has England followed this policy? 

6. What previous political measures made the break with Rome easier for Henry? 
What had the humanists done? 

7. Did Henry have any special reason for supporting the Papacy in 15 21? Why did 
he afterward turn against it? Was he a Protestant? 

8. " What a man has England and what a friend have I lost ! " Of whom and by 
whom said? 

9. What was the effect of the Act of Supremacy upon English liberty? To what is due 
the clause in the Constitution of the United States, " No bill of attainder . . . shall 
be passed "? 

10. For what one thing, at least, are the English people indebted to Henry VIII? 

11. On what pillars did More rest his visionary kingdom? What evils of his time did he 
point out? Which of his suggested reforms have since been achieved? (S70) 

12. Point out the permanent good resulting from "the Protestant misrule" of the time 
of Edward VI. For what role was he better fitted than that of king? 

13. Why was Mary so gladly hailed as queen? How did she undermine her throne? 

14. Tell some pleasant tale of Lady Jane Grey and her tutor, Roger Ascham. What did 
the " nine-day queen " call the happiest day of her life? 

15. What was the effect of the religious persecutions upon the English people? 

16. Outline the achievements which made the reign of Elizabeth the strongest and most 
illustrious in the annals of England. 

17. What statesmanlike qualities did Elizabeth possess? What detracted from them? 

18. Why was Elizabeth specially fitted to settle the religious question? Show how the 
various rehgious parties complicated matters. Were the Pilgrim Fathers Puritans, or 
the Puritans Pilgrim Fathers? 

19. Who in England were the most bitter enemies of Mary Queen of Scots? What 
reason had they to fear her? j 

20. Find some comparisons that have been made between Elizabeth and Mary Stuart. 1 
What does Melville show himself to be in his interview with Elizabeth? (Rri86) 

21. What motives urged Philip to crush England? How did Drake singe " the beard of 
the Spanish king"? Give some incidents from Hawkins's letter about the fight with 
the Armada. (RR189) 

22. Picture the new life and activities of the England of EHzabeth. 

23. Make a list of the great men of the EUzabethan Age and indicate the chief work 
of each. 

50 



Revolt of the Netherlands : Rise of the Dutch Republic 

I, The Land and the People. 
II. Condition of the Netherlands about 1500. 

III. The Low Countries under Charles V and Philip II. 

1. Tyranny of the Regent Margaret and the Duke of Alva. 

2. Rise of nobles and people : William of Orange. 

3. Beginning of Dutch sea power (1572). Pacification of Ghent (1576). 

4. Foundation of the Dutch Republic : Union of Utrecht (1579). 

5. Declaration of Independence (July 26, 1581). 

6. Struggle for freedom. Assassination of William the Silent (1584). 

IV. Independence: truce with Philip III (1609); acknowledged (1648). 

1. Show how the Netherlands were divided racially, religiously, and economically. 
What was the only sort of union between them? 

2. Outline the history of the Low Countries before they came into the hands of 
Charles V. To what was their prosperity largely due? (Sv) 

3. Give some extracts from the Venetian ambassador's description of the Netherlands. 
(RR171) How did Charles and Philip cast a blight upon their prosperity? 

4. Illustrate the character of the government of Charles V by describing the fate of 
Ghent when it refused to be taxed save by its own vote. (Moiv) 

5. By what measures did the government of the Regent Margaret alienate every class? 
Explain the origin of the " Beggars." 

6. AVhat results of the rousing of the people to desperation do we most deplore? How 
did Philip take vengeance? 

7. For what is the name of the Duke of Alva a synonym? 

8. What did England gain by the Spanish cruelty in the Netherlands? 

9. In what ways does William of Orange remind you of George Washington? In what 
respect was he far in advance of the spirit of his time? 

10. How long did the Netherlanders struggle for their liberty? Why did they stand 
almost alone? To what was their final triumph due? 

11. Relate some incidents of the heroic resistance of- the United Provinces. What won- 
derful achievement does the University of Leyden commemorate? 

12. What answer did the Prince of Orange make when his disheartened folliD^ers begged 
him to make some strong alliance? What reply did he make to Philip's bribes? 

13. Why is it to be regretted that the northern and southern provinces separated? 
What does the history of the Dutch show to be indeed the " seed of the Church " ? 

14. Quote PhiHp's ban against Wilham and some lines from the famous "Apology." 

15. What discouraged the Dutch patriots? How is Sir Philip Sidney connected with 
their struggle for liberty? 

16. How was Spain finally forced to let go her hold of the Netherlands? 

17. Contrast the conditions in the northern and southern provinces at the end of the 
war. How can the difference be accounted for? 

18. Describe the commercial advance of the Republic during the war. Where were its 
principal trading stations? Why were they little more than trading stations? 

51 



The Huguenot Wars in France 

I. The Rise of Protestantism in France to 1559. 
II. Reign of Francis II (1559-1560) : parties in the state; Coligny. 

III. Reign of Charles IX (1560-15 74) : Catherine de' Medici. 

1 . The Guises and the Huguenots : treaty of St. Germain. 

2. Massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day (August 24, 1572). 

IV. Reign of Henry III (1574-1589): constant turmoil. 

V. Reign of Henry IV (1589-1610) : first of the House of Bourbon. 

1. Compromise : Edict of Nantes (1598). 

2. Prosperity of the French people : the Duke of Sully. 

VL Reign of Louis XIII (16 10-1643). 

1. Power and pohcy of Cardinal Richeheu. 

2. Political power of the Huguenots crushed : La Rochelle. 

1. Where do we find the chief causes for the rapid progress of Protestantism in France? 
Show the influence of Lefebre and the circle at Meaux. (Si 21) 

2. What turned Francis I from a friend to a persecutor of the Protestants.? Of what 
did he and his son sow the seed ? 

3. Distinguish the chief parties in France in 1559. How did Catherine de' Medici 
try to maintain her influence ? What was the inevitable result ? 

4. How did the Guises gain control of the government ? In what way did they pre- 
cipitate war ? 

5. Why were the reUgious wars in France particularly bitter and miserable? 

6. Who stands head and shoulders above all the men of the period, " a man whose 
faith was not to be bought and sold " ? ^^'hat were his patriotic plans ? 

7. Show how hope of peace was roused by the Treaty of St. Germain. 

8. Where in history can we find a parallel to the horror of St. Bartholomew's Day? 
Did it crush the Huguenots ? 

9. How many assassinations cleared the way for the House of Bourbon ? How did 
Henry IV bring peace to his distracted kingdom ? 

10. How far did the Edict of Nantes go beyond the Peace of Augsburg. or the Treaty 
of Westphalia in religious toleration ? \\'hy is it a milestone ? 

11. What did the religious wars cost France? Show how Henry IV and Sully restored 
prosperity to France. 

12. Quote some of the sayings of Henry IV which proclaim him " Father of his people." 
How do the French still regard him ? 

13. Was Mary de' Medici any wiser as a ruler than Catherine? Why is the States- 
General of 1 614 memorable ? 

14. From what did Richelieu save France ? \'\^hat was his program ? 

15. Explain how the Huguenot wars had created a state within the state. Was this in 
line with the traditional spirit of France ? How did Richelieu remedy matters ? 

16. Is there any more hope to-day than there was three hundred years ago of carrying 
out the "Grand Design" which Sully attributes to Henry IV? 

5- 



The Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) 

I. Causes of the War : general and special. 

11. Periods of Warfare. 

1. Bohemian (1618-1623) : Protestantism almost uprooted. 

2. Danish (1625-1629) : Christian IV, Tilly, Wallenstein. 

3. Swedish (1630-1635) : Gustavus Adolphus ; Lutzen. 

4. Swedish-French (163 5-1 648) : aims of Richelieu. 

III. Peace of Westphalia : difficulties in the way. 

IV. Effect of the War upon Germany and Europe. 

1. What were the principal causes of discord in Germany after the Peace of Augsburg?! 
Was it possible to reconcile the religious differences ? 

2. Show how the affair at Donauworth brought open opposition. How did each party 
protect itself ? Which side was the stronger ? 

3. Where and when occurred the incident which precipitated the first European war 
involving all the great states ? Describe this famous scene. 

4. Tell the story of the driving out of the " Winter King." What was the fate of 
Bohemia ? 

5. What is the strongest plea in the charming letter of Elizabeth of Bohemia to , 
James I of England ? Why should he be interested ? Why did he hold aloof ? I 

6. Was any good accomplished by the interference of the King of Denmark ? What 
service did Wallenstein render the Emperor in this period of the war ? 

7. Why did the name of Wallenstein arouse terror in Europe? What cause had the 
German princes to fear him ? What did they force the Emperor to do ? 

8. What motives led Gustavus Adolphus to go to the aid of the Protestants ? Follow 
his steps from his entrance into Germany to his death at Lutzen. I 

9. How did the German princes receive the Swedish king? What changed their 
attitude ? 

10. Had Napoleon good reason to call Gustavus the foremost captain of all history? 
What did the " Protestant Hero " put in the place of Alexander's Homer ? 

11. Who is responsible for the continuation of the war after 1635? Point out the 
change in the character of the war. ' * 

12. What were the armies of the last years of the war? (S156) (W104) How does a 
writer of the time describe the destruction of Magdeburg? (Rr2ii) 

13. Why is the Peace of WestphaUa one of the most important documents in history? 
How did it alter the map of Europe ? (H339) 

14. Is it easy to believe the accounts of the barbarism of Germany at the end of the 
war ? What were some of the worst conditions according to Schlegel ? 

15. What was the effect of the war upon German patriotism? How many separate 
domains remained under an absolute monarch with an independent court ? 

16. What is the only thing to be said of the history of Germany for the next one hun- 
dred and fifty years ? 

17. About 163 1 who in America had stirring in their hearts the wish of the Elector of 
Brandenburg, that " at least the private exercise of religion " should be free to all ? 

53 



The Ascendancy of France under Louis XIV (1643-17 15) 

I. Bequest of Louis XIII and Richelieu. 
II. Administration of Mazarin : Wars of the Fronde. 

III. Louis XIV, his own prime minister (1661). 

1. Ideals and policy. 

2. Influence of Colbert. 

IV. Wars of Louis XIV : purpose and character. 

1. War concerning the Spanish Netherlands (i 667-1668). 

a. The Triple Alliance. 

b. Fortification of the frontier ; Vauban. 

2. War with the Protestant Netherlands (i672-.-i678). 

a. Heroic defense of the Dutch ; the Prince of Orange. 

b. Failure of Louis ; Franche-Comt^. 

3. Louis the Great. 

a. Seizes Strasburg. 

b. Revokes Edict of Nantes (1685). 

4. War of the League of Augsburg or King William's (i 688-1697). 

a. Causes, political and religious. 

b. The Grand Alliance ; the Peace of Ryswick. 

5. War of the Spanish Succession or Queen Anne's (1701-1714). 

a. Interests of the European nations. 

b. Second Grand Alliance. 

c. Famous generals — the Duke of Marlborough, Prince Eugene. 

d. Famous battles — Blenheim, Ramillies, Oudenarde, Malplaquet. 

e. Conditions of the Treaty of Utrecht. 

V. New France. 

1. Patronage of the king. 

2. Mistaken policy : evils of paternalism. 

VI. Close of Louis XIV's Reign. 

1 . Court of the Grand Monarch : Versailles. 

2. Condition of the French people. 

3. The Sun King's unlamented death. 

VII. Augustan Age of French Literature. 

1. Richelieu and the French Academy. 

2. The drama: Corneille, Racine, Moliere. 

3. Great writers : Descartes, Pascal, La Bruyere, Bossuet, F^nelon. 

4. Memoirs of Saint-Simon. Letters of Madame de Sevigne. 

VIII. Decline of the Monarchy under Louis XV (17 15-17 74). 

1. Misgovernment of the regency. 

2. Financial distress: "The Mississippi Bubble." 

3. Weakness and vice of Louis XV : Madame de Pompadour. 

54 




studies on France under Louis XIV 

Vench kings knew how to exact obedience but they did not know how to govern.''^ 

1. State the theory of government in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries which 
corresponded to the theory of the Empire in the Middle Ages. In which nations did 
it have the most influence? 

2. What experiences led men to accept the political axiom of the Homeric Greeks, 
"The rule of many is not a good thing; let there be one leader only, one king"? 

3. How did Richelieu prepare the way for the ascendancy of France? Repeat his 
promises to Louis XHI. What reason had the people to hate him? 

4. Why was the government of Anne of Austria and Mazarin opposed by both nobles 
and people? What was the Fronde? Did it deserve to succeed? 

5. State briefly Louis XIV's own theory of government. What did his personal charm 
do for his theory? 

6. To whom did Louis owe the prosperity of the best years of his reign? Give some 
idea of his work for France. How does he remind us of Wolsey? 

7. Show that under Louis XIV there was but one will in France, and that all classes and 
bodies were servilely submissive to it. (M0203) 

8. When did France take from Spain her ascendancy in Europe? In what respects 
were the aims of Louis like those of Napoleon? Did Louis reckon on a European 
coalition ? 

9. Why were the Dutch and Louis inveterate enemies? Why did England side 
with him? I 

10. In what words does an old writer describe the prosperity of the Dutch Netherlands 
in the seventeenth century? What two dangers had decreased it before the attack 
of Louis? (H352) I 

11. "I know one means of never seeing it [that the Republic was lost], — to die on the 
last dyke." Whose words and whose spirit ? 

1 2 . By what act did Louis injure France as deeply as all her enemies could have done ? 
Who influenced him ? Who gained by the loss of France .? 

13. What caused the formation of the Augsburg League against Louis? Where was the 
center of interest in King William's War in America ? 

14. What made the War of the Spanish Succession One of the greatest European wars ? 
State the questions at issue. 

15. What has been said of the greatest general of this world struggle,? (H360) 

16. Which state gained the lion's share from the Peace of Utrecht? Of what was 
Spain stripped ? 

17. On whose work did France base her claim to the St. Lawrence valley? What great 
project did the explorations of La Salle set on foot ? 

18. Account for the weakness of the French colonies in America; for the presence of 
Huguenots with the English who besieged Quebec. 

19. What saved France when her king and his court had ruined her? 

20. Speak for and against the character of Louis. Show the bright side and the dark 
side of his absolutism. In what words did he condemn himself on his deathbed ? 

2 1 . Sketch the history of the Monarchy under Louis XV. 

22. What did the wars of the eighteenth century do for France? 

55 



The Stuarts and the English Revolution (1603-1689) 

I. The First Stuarts : Bourbon Influence. 

1. James I (1603-162 5) : union of crowns of England and Scotland. 

a. Religious and political differences with the English people, 
(i) Gunpowder Plot. 

(2) Contest with the Commons; the Great Protestation (1621). 

b. Colonization in America and the Indies. 

(i) Jamestown and Plymouth. East India Company at Surat. 
(2) Plantation of Ulster; wrongs of the Irish. 

c. Literature; King James Version of the Bible (161 1). 

2. Charles the First (i 625-1 649). 

a. Contest with Parliament; Petition of Right (1628). 

b. Absolute monarch (162 9-1 640). 

(i) Three tyrannical ministers, three iniquitous courts. 

(2) The "ship money"; John Hampden. 

(3) The Bishop's War ; the Covenant. 

c. The Long Parliament (i 640-1 660). 

( 1 ) Reform legislation ; the Grand Remonstrance. 

(2) Charles precipitates war. 

d. The Civil War or Puritan Revolution (i 642-1 649). 

(i) The two parties, Cavaliers and Roundheads; their characteristics. 

(2) Oliver Cromwell and his Ironsides ; the New Model. 

(3) Naseby (1645) ; Charles in the hands of Parliament. 

(4) " Pride's Purge " ; trial and execution of the English king. 

IL The Commonwealth and the Protectorate (i 649-1 660). 

1. Organization of the government. 

2. Troubles of the Commonwealth at home and abroad. 

3. Cromwell ejects the Long Parliament : Barebone's Parliament. 

4. The Protectorate : Cromwell, virtual dictator. 

a. Measures at home and abroad. 

b. Richard Cromwell and the Restoration. 

5 . Puritan literature : Milton and Bunyan. 

6. Influence of the Puritan Revolution. 

III. The Restoration (1660-1688). 

1. Charles the Second, the Merry Monarch (166 0-1685). 

a. Measures against the regicides and nonconformists. 

b. Calamities, — war, plague, and fire. 

c. Intrigues with Louis XIV. Popish Plot. Habeas Corpus Act. 

2. James the Second (1685-1688) : despotism. 

a. Monmouth's invasion ; the " Bloody Assizes." 

h. The Glorious Revolution of 1688 ; the Declaration of Rights. 

3. Literature of the Restoration : reaction from Puritanism. 

IV. William and Mary: constitutional government (1689). 

s6 



studies on the Stuarts and the English Revolution 

S^^-'i. What made the Stuarts such obstinate upholders of the theory of "divine right": 
Why was it an opportune time for the English people to assert their theories of gov- 
ernment? What was the natural result? I 

2. Did the character and ability of James the First accord with his pretensions? Com- 
pare him with Henry IV of France. 

3. How did James alienate both religious parties and Parliament as well? (Si 66) 

4. What conditions in England does Winthrop cite in justification of emigration tc 
America? (RR225) 

5. Was Charles I any wiser than his father? Mention some of his despotic acts. 

6. What is the place of the Petition of Right among the documents of Anglo-Saxoi 
liberties? 

7. What forced Charles to summon Parliament in 1640? How did the Long Parlia 
ment treat his whole system of government? What effect did it have upon the Kinj 
and his supporters? 

8. Who precipitated the Great Rebellion, and how? Was Puritanism wise to take u] 
the sword? What better work had it to do? 

9. How did Charles settle his own fate after Naseby? (B250) 

10. Where lies the responsibihty for the execution of the Enghsh king who said tha 
would be a glorious death he should die, it being for the laws and liberties of thi 
land? 

1 1 . Who was the head and front of the Commonwealth ? How did he carry himself ii 
the midst of the troubles which beset it? 

1 2 . Did Cromwell get along any better with Parliament than had the Stuarts ? Describ 
the turning out of the Rump Parliament. (W115) 

13. Prove that the Protectorate was "a glorious period in English history." Why dij 
Louis XIV say he should have to call Cromwell " father "? I 

14. Gather all the testimony you can concerning Cromwell's place in history. 

15. Why did the English people go mad over Charles the Second? What idea do yoi 
get of him from the portrait by a man of his own time? (RR253) 

16. To whom were Charles II and his Parliament particularly hostile? How did th 
Quakers succeed in worshiping God as they chose? (RR258) 

17. What changes in the New World followed Charles's war with the Dutch? 

18. What were the principal charges against James II in the Bill of Rights? 

19. Who invited William of Orange to rule over England? Why did they do it? Wh 
stood by James? 

20. State some provisions of the Bill of Rights which show real advancement. Wh 
does it remind you of the Constitution of the United States ? 

21. Show how Ireland suffered from the civil strife in England. (S249) 

22. What was the result of the attempt of the Stuarts to estabhsh absolutism? Shoi 
how the struggle for constitutional government in England affected the history c 
Europe and of America. 

23. Tell the story of Admiral Van Tromp's broom; the flight of Jenny's stool; Cron 
well's Ironsides ; Pride's Purge ; Barebone's Parhament. 



57 



The Rise of Russia 

I. Condition "of Russia in the Fifteenth Century. 
II. Ivan the Terrible (1533-15 84) : conquests. 

III. Michael founds the House of Romanov (16 13). 

IV. Peter the Great (1682-1725). 

1. His task and methods of accomplishing it. 

2. Reforms, — political, religious, and economic. 

3. Conflict with Charles XII of Sweden. 

V. Catherine the Great (i 762-1 796). 

1. Conquest of the Crimea. 

2. Partition of Poland (1772, 1793, 1795). 

" Russia, the last-hoim child of European civilization^ 

1. Describe the condition of Russia at the close of the Middle Ages. What circum- 
stances made the Russians more Asiatic than European ? 

2. Why did Ivan receive such a terrible surname ? How did he make it honored in his 
own land and in Europe ? What did he claim for Moscow ? 

3. What was the condition of the State when Michael Romanov revived it ? 

4. Why was the conquest of Siberia a natural one for Russia ? Who accomplished it i 

5. Relate some incidents in the boyhood of Peter the Great. (M0277) 

6. Draw two portraits of Peter which shall show the opposite sides of his character. Tc 
which does his treatment of his sickly brother Ivan belong ? 

7. On a sketch map show the geographical isolation of Russia from Europe in 1700 
Show the great change before 1800. 

8. Quote Peter's own words to prove that he was an enlightened despot. From whoir 
did he get his progressive ideas ? 

9. Give some account of Peter's first visit to the West. Was he a bore ? 

10. Point out the reforms which made Russia an unlimited despotism. How was Petei 
at the same time a champion of Russian liberties ? 

11. Why was Peter's conflict with Sweden inevitable? In what condition was Sweden 
to meet him ? How did her neighbors feel towards her ? 

12. Sketch the career of " the last of the Vikings." (S222) 

13. Describe the making of Peter's "window to the West." (H397) 

14. What did Poltdva mean for both Russia and Sweden ? Show Peter's share of the 
spoils on the death of Charles. 

15. Point out Asiatic habits of the Russians which Peter tried to get rid of. How did 
he force the people to wear western dress ? (RR310) 

16. Where was the greatest opposition to Peter's work in Russia.'' What prevented his 
son Alexis from succeeding him ? 

17. Show how Catherine continued the work of Peter. What were her tastes ? 

18. Why has the assassination of Poland left such deep traces in history and literature! 
Can you excuse it ? Who in Poland were to blame ? 

19. What dream did Catherine bequeath to her successors? Why is it still unrealized! 

20. Who were the Strelsi; Catherine's door mat; Mazeppa; " the widow of the Tsar " i 

58 



The Rise of Prussia 

^^^ I. The Beginnings of Prussia, The Hohenzollerns. 

11. The Great Elector Frederick William (i 640-1688) : unification. 

III. Elector Frederick III (1688-17 13): King in Prussia. 

IV. Frederick William I (17 13-1740): State strengthened and extended. 
V. Frederick the Great (i 740-1786). 

1. War of the Austrian Succession (i 740-1 748) : Maria Theresa. 

2. The Seven Years' War or French and Indian (175 6-1 763). 

3. Spoils of the partition of Poland. 

VI. Position of Prussia at the Close of the Eighteenth Century. 

1. What relations have we found between the beginnings of Prussia and the Crusades 
How did it come into the hands of the House of HohenzoUern ? 

2. Tell the story of the origin of the HohenzoUern family according to Carlyle. 

3. Show how the Great Elector formed a united monarchy out of his scattered posses 
sions. (S233) Upon what did he lay the basis of Prussian power ? 

4. Why is the acquisition of royal power by the Hohenzollerns a landmark in Europeai 
history ? What aroused in Elector Frederick III the desire to be a king ? 

5. Why was the title King in, not ^t/ Prussia ? Why Prussia and not Brandenburg ? 

6. How did Frederick William I and his big stick prepare the way for the " ables 
statesman and general of his times " ? (B294) 

7. Tell one of Carlyle's stories of Frederick William. What was Frederick's opinion 
his son at the age of sixteen ? .(RR322) 

8. Prove that Frederick the Great was worthy of his title. 

9. How much of the world was involved in the War of the Austrian Succession ? Wh( 
was the only practical gainer by the war ? What does Macaulay say of it ? 

10. Why was an alliance between Austria and France so startling to Europe ? What wa 
the real contest fought out in the Seven Years' War ? 

11. Compare Frederick's resources with those of his enemies. How do you account fo 
his marvelous successes in 1757 and 1758? 

12. Outline the results of the Seven Years' War in the Old World and in the New. 

13. Quote Frederick's statement as to the importance of Prussia's gains from Poland. 

14. Does not Maria Theresa seem to you every inch a queen ? What made her s( 
charming ? Vv^hat was her feeling in regard to the partition of Poland ? (RR328) 

15. Why is it a pleasure to turn from Frederick's foreign relations to his work for hii 
people ? Show by his own words his idea of a king's duty. 

16. Why is "Our Fritz " a national hero ? Who is to blame for his lack of principle ? 

17. Comment on this statement of Frederick the Great: To conquer provinces ove: 
which we have no claim is unjust and criminal rapacity. 

18. What sort of company did the great Frederick enjoy? Quote his estimate of th« 
German Uterature of his time. (RR326) 

19. Why did Joseph II of Austria fail when he tried to imitate the work of Frederick ? 

20. Explain: " No tall fellows, no professor"; "the Possessor of Voltaire " ; "the las' 
of the kings " ; " Tobacco Parliament " ; Sans Souci. 

59 



The Expansion of England in the Eighteenth Century 

^^^1. Reign of Queen Anne (1702-17 14). 

1 . Territorial gains of Queen Anne's War : the Assiento. 

2. Political union of England and Scotland (1707). 

3. Literature : Pope, Swift, Addison, Defoe. 

II. The Early Hanoverians: George I, George II, George III (1714-1820). 

1. Wars : King George's, French and Indian, American Revolution. 

a. Result of struggle with France, east and west. 

b. Effect of the independence of the American colonies. 

2. Political reform : Premier and Cabinet government. 

3. Moral reform : Methodism; abolition of slave trade (1807). 

4. Economic reform : agricultural and industrial. 

1. What did religious toleration and constitutional government enable England to do 
in the eighteenth century? 

2. How had William of Orange as " arbiter of Europe " renewed the rivalry of England 
with France? 

3. By what treaty did England become "the sea power without any rival"? Where 
was her struggle with France for world power fought out? 

4. What made the colonial empires of England and France more permanent than any 
other in the New World? Point out the mistakes of the French government which 
put the French colonies at a disadvantage. I 

5. What change did King George's War make in the relative strength of France and 
England in America? in India? on the sea? 

6. How was the colonial empire of France ruined in America and in India? 

7. To what man more than any other does the English king owe his title "Emperor 
of India"? Read his own account of his greatest victory. (RR342) 

8. How much of England's success is due to the administration of Lord Chatham? 

9. Why may the American Revolution be called one of the consequences of England's 
contest with France? 

10. What question, not yet settled, caused the revolt of the American colonies? Speak 
for the colonies and for the mother couniry on this question. What circumstances 
made compromise impossible? 

11. Where, besides in America, was England obliged to carry on the war? Was the 
injury to England deep or abiding? Give reasons for your answer. 

1 2 . With what great documents of English liberty may the Declaration of Independence 
be compared? Who drafted it? 

13. What acts passed under William the Third prepared the way for the present govern- 
ment of England? Who have been the real rulers of England since the middle of 
the eighteenth century? Upon whom does their power depend? 

14. Explain the origin of the English Cabinet. Compare it with the Cabinet of the 
President of the United States. 

15. Describe the moral condition of the English people when the great Methodists 
brought her new light and life. Show good results of their work. 

16. Mention the great inventions which revolutionized the industrial life of England and 
the world. Were the results all for good? (B 319) 

60 



The French Revolution (i 789-1 799) 

^ I. Spirit and Aims of the French Revolution. 

II. Growth of the Revolutionary Spirit before 1789. 

1. Political, social, and economic evils of the Bourbon absolutism. 

2. Intellectual awakening : desire for liberty, equality, fraternity. 

III. Eve of the Revolution. 

1. Folly and crime of Louis XV : " After us the Deluge." 

2. Helplessness of Louis XVI : attempted reforms. 

IV. The States-General (May 5-June 17, 1789): the elections ; the cahiersJ 
V. The National Assembly (1789-1791): first French constitution. 

1. Character of the members : Lafayette, Mirabeau, Abb6 Sieyes. 

2. The Commune of Paris : the National Guards. 

3. Storming of the Bastille (July 14, 1789) : its meaning. 

4. Abolition of feudal privileges : Declaration of the Rights of Man. 

5. Bread riots : "To Versailles" : the Joyous Entry. 

6. Confiscation of Church property : treatment of the clergy. 

7. Flight and arrest of the King (June 20, 1791). 

VI. The Legislative Assembly (Oct. i, 1791-Sept. 19, 1792). 

1. Members: ConstitutionaUsts and Girondists. 

2. Beginning of war with monarchy : the Marsellaise. 

3. Massacre of the Swiss Guards : September Massacre. 

4. Defeat of the allies' at Valmy. 

VII. The National Convention (1792-1795). 

1. Parties: Girondists, Mountainists, the Plain. 

2. The Republic established : the Year I (Sept. 21, 1792). 

3. Trial and execution of the King (Jan. 21, 1793). 

4. Coalition against the Revolutionists : La Vendee. 

5. Committee of Public Safety : Fall of the Girondists. 

VIII. The Reign of Terror (i 793-1 794). 

1. Opposition to the Revolution: Charlotte Corday. 

2. Great Committee of Public Safety : its principles. 

3. The " Holy Guillotine" : Marie Antoinette. 

4. Reforms of the Revolutionists : worship of Reason. 

5 . Factions of the Jacobins : Robespierre. 

6. Horror of the Reign of Terror : reaction. 

IX. The Directory (1795-1799). 

1. Attack on the convention : Napoleon Bonaparte. 

2. The Republic makes republics. 

a. Bonaparte's Italian campaign ; Treaty of Campo Formio. 

b. Campaign in Egypt and Syria ; Nelson and Sir Sidney Smith. 

c. Three new republics ; coalition of European powers. 

3. Bonaparte overthrows the Directory. 

61 



studies on the French Revolution 



t'Vould you " collect the facts of the Fre?ich Revolution^ you must go dow?i to hell and 
up to heaven to fetch them.'''' 

1. In the truest sense of the word, what was the French Revolution and what its real 
cause? (R537) 

2. Show the great disorder in the government arising from varying systems of law and 
inequalities of taxation. What powers had the king? 

3. What reason had the people to hate the nobihty and the clergy? What was the only 
recognized use of the peasants? 

4. Were the French any worse off than other European peoples ? Why were they the 
first to strike for political liberty? 

5. Which estate was most intellectual and patriotic? Name the men who most influ- 
enced the minds of the people. What were their teachings? 

6. If Louis XVI had been as strong and able as he was honest and kindly, what might 
France have been spared? Why did Turgot's reform measures fail? 

7. How did X\iQ parlements serve the cause of the people? By what means did the 
leaders reach the people's ears? (R559) 

8. What did the King confess when he called the States-General? How long since it 
had met? What do we learn from the cahiers? 

9. Of what long process was the union of the three estates in the National Assembly 
but the result? Show Mirabeau's part in the final triumph of the Third Estate. 
How could he, a noble, be a deputy of the Third Estate? 

10. Quote the words of a despot and of a lover of freedom on the fall of the Bastille. 

11. What was the " St. Bartholomew of feudalism "? 

12. State the dominant claims of the Declaration of the Rights of Man. (RR409) 

13. Why did the people insist on the King's return to Paris? Describe the Joyous Entry. 
What was the feeling of the people towards Louis in 1789? 

14. How did the nobility show their weakness and lack of wisdom? What might they 
have done? Were the friends of monarchy outside of France any wiser? 

15. Point out serious mistakes in the reforms of the Assembly. 

16. Give three reasons for the failure of the constitution of 1791. (H445) 

17. What caused the overthrow of the monarchy? Show the influence of the Jacobins, 
the Cordeliers, and the newspapers. 

18. How were the Parisians driven to fury and the massacres of August and September? 

19. Why were the members of the Convention all Republicans? Compare "Pride's 
Purge." What did its leaders propose? 

20. Was the execution of Louis more or less justifiable than that of Charles I? 

21. Write a dialogue between Robespierre and Danton, each defending his policy. 

22. Can you say anything in favor of the Terror? Did the guillotine sadden Paris? 

23. What visionary attempts caused a European coalition against the Revolutionists? 
When does Napoleon Bonaparte appear on the scene? How did he serve the 
Directory ? 

24. Explain: Assignats ; "Madame Deficit"; Oath of the Tennis Court; lettres de. 
cachet; " play the bourgeois" ; Citizen Capet; a nclen regime ; the gadelle. 



62 



The Napoleonic Period (1799-18 15) 

- i'HE Consulate: Bonaparte, First Consul, Dictator (1799- 1804). 

1. Centralization of the government. 

2. England's hostility : Peace of Amiens (1802). 

3. War with Austria. 

a. Second campaign in Italy; Marengo. 

b. Moreau at Hohenlinden ; treaty at Lun^ville. 

4. Regeneration of France (i 801-1803). 

a. Colonial projects \ Louisiana. 

b. Code Napoleon ; its influence. 

c. The Concordat. 

d. Amnesty to Royalists ; restoration of society. 

e. Public works ; roads, canals, etc. 

f. Education ; University of France. 

5. Napoleon, Consul for life (August, 1802) : Royalist plots. 

II. The Napoleonic Empire: Rise (1804-1811). 

1. Napoleon restores the Empire of Charlemagne. 

2. Europe aroused : war of the giants. 

a. Preparations ; sale of Louisiana. 

b. Naval resources ; Trafalgar (1805). 

3. Campaign against Austria. 

a. Ulm and Austerlitz ; Confederation of the Rhine. 

b. End of the Holy Roman Empire ; results of reconstruction. 

4. Campaign against Prussia : her humiliation after Jena. 

5. Campaign against Russia. 

a. Eylau and Friedland ; Peace of Tilsit. 

b. Partition of the world ; sacrifice of Poland and Prussia. 

6. The Continental Blockade : results in Europe and in America. 

7. Seizure of Portugal and Spain : revolt of Spain. 

8. Congress at Erfurt : height of Napoleon's career (1808). 

9. Revolt of Austria : Wagram ; Napoleon's gains. 

10. Attempt to make Paris the capital of Christendom. 

11. Napoleon's empire at its greatest extent (1811). 

III. The Napoleonic Empire: Fall (1812-1815). 

1 . Weakness of the Empire : resistance of the nations. 

2. Rise of Prussia : awakening of national patriotism. 

3. Napoleon's invasion of Russia : tragedy of the retreat from Moscow. 

4. War of Liberation. 

a. Battle of the Nations, Leipzig (18 13). 

b. Surrender of Paris (1814) ; Napoleon deposed ; at Elba. 

c. Louis XVIII ; reaction ; return of Napoleon. 

d. '' The Hundred Days " ; Waterloo; St. Helena. 

IV. Napoleon, the man : his private life ; his place in history. 

6-, 



studies on the Napoleonic Period 

.v'Wiiat had been the object of the coup d'etat oi November 9, 1799? Show how the 
genius of Bonaparte appears in its accomphshment. 

2. Why did William Pitt refuse to recognize Bonaparte's government? 

3. How did the treaties of 1801 prepare the way for the present German Empire ? 

4. What forced Bonaparte to give up his projects for a colonial empire ? What reason 
has the United States to be grateful to Toussaint Louverture ? (B364) 

5. Upon what work does Napoleon's truest title to fame rest? Why did the people 
welcome his despotism ? Why was he so considerate of the emigres ? 

6. Mention some prototypes of the Code Napoleon. Where is it still used? (Moxv) 

7. How did the Concordat strengthen Napoleon's position ? When was it annulled ? 

8. Comment upon the most remarkable feature of the plebiscites of the Consulate. 

9. Why did Lafayette oppose the life consulship ? With what feelings did many repub- 
licans look upon the creation of the Legion of Honor ? 

10. Show that the execution of the Duke of Enghien was a grave error of judgment 
as well as a crime. How can we explain Napoleon's blindness in trying to restore 
Csesarism in the nineteenth century ? What was his dream ? (R609) 

11. Why was Napoleon at a disadvantage in dealing with England? How did he succeed 
in terrifying her ? Why has she been called " the paymaster of Europe " ? 

12. How did Napoleon's greed for power strengthen the rival which was one day to 
humiliate France? Account for the weakness and cowardice of the Prussians before 
him. What do you think of his treatment of Poland and Prussia ? 

13. What earlier partitions of the world does the conference at Tilsit recall? 

14. Show that Napoleon's pohcy for the ruin of England was suicidal. How did it affect 
the United States ? 

15. By what means did Napoleon get possession of the Spanish Crown? Why was the 
uprising of the Spanish so significant ? Point out the measures of Napoleon in Spain 
which are typical of his good work for Europe. 

16. On an outline map trace the growth of Napoleon's empire from 1801 to 181 1. 

17. How did Napoleon weaken his position, ahenate even his friends, and create dis- 
trust everywhere ? Account for the devotion of his soldiers. (RR488, 496) 

18. Why is it a pleasure to turn from the schemes of Napoleon to the rise of Prussia? 
Show how the national spirit of the Germans was aroused. 

19. Quote from Frederick William's famous address "To My People." (RR522) 

20. What does Stein say of the battle of Leipzig ? Was there any further hope for " the 
enemy and destroyer of the world's peace " ? 

2 1 . Was the private life of Napoleon any happier than his public career ? Of what avail 
was his wrongdoing in the hope of founding a dynasty ? 

22. Point out the dominant traits in Napoleon's character. To what motives did he 
always appeal in others ? What was the secret of his military success ? (S3 18) 

23. Write an account of one of these events: battle of Trafalgar; retreat of Sir John 
Moore ; Congress at Erfurt ; coronation of Napoleon ; Waterloo. 



64 



fluence of the French Revolution on the Nineteenth Century 

I. Ideas bequeathed by the Revolution. 

1. Civil equality : Code Napolt!on. 

2. Popular sovereignty and constitutional government. 

3. Nationality and personal liberty. 

II. The Congress of Vienna : reaction to absolutism. 

1. Purpose and principles of the diplomats. 

2. The new map of Europe. 

III. The Age of Metternich (18 15-1848). 

1. Spirit and influence of Prince Metternich. 

2. The Holy Alliance, or " Metternich's System." 

IV. Results of the Struggle between the Old and the New. 

1. Intellectual progress — Renaissance. 

2. Religious toleration — Reformation. 

3. Constitutional government — Revolution. 

4. Spread of European civilization — Expansion. 

5. Industrial and commercial development — Prosperity. 

The Revolution was a creating force even more than it was a destroying force ; it was an 
inexhaustible source of fertile influences. — Harrison. 

1. Prove that all the suffering and bloodshed of the French Revolution was not in vain.. 

2. Describe the personnel of the Congress of Vienna, one of the most brilliant gatherings 
of the Modern Age. What does it mark in international law ? 

3. Could the diplomats undo the work of the Revolution for Europe ? What did they 
try to do ? How might they have brought peace and prosperity to Europe .-' 

4. How did the Congress of the kings show its blindness to the spirit of the times ? 
Point out its worst violations of national unity in its settlement of European affairs. 

5. Mention one measure of the Congress which shows moral progress. 

6. By what decision did the Congress of Vienna begin the struggle between France and 
Prussia ? 

7. Contrast the feelings of Talleyrand when leaving Pdris for the' Congress and after 
concluding the aUiance with England and Austria. (RR533) I 

8. Give some idea of the spoils taken by Napoleon which were restored by the allies. 
(W185) 

9. Why was Metternich so opposed to constitutions ? How was he able to keep inde- 
pendence and self-government from the European peoples for years ? 

10. Show the contrast between the theory and practice of the Holy Alliance. Who was 
chiefly responsible for its formation ? 

11. Compare the number of sovereign peoples in Europe in 1815 with the number 
to-day. How has this result been brought about? (M0456) 

12. How did the Monroe Doctrine prevent "Metternich's System" from operating in 
the New World ? 



65 



1 



France since the Second Restoration (1815) 

I. Louis XVIII (1815-1824): Constitutional Charter. 

II. Charles X (i 824-1 830) : reactionary measures. 
III. The July Revolution in Paris: Louis Philippe (1830-1848). 
IV. The February Revolution in Paris: the Second Republic (1848-185 i). 

V. The Second Empire: Napoleon III (1852-1870). 

1. The foreign policy of Louis Napoleon. 

2. The Franco-Prussian War (1870). 

VI. The Third Republic (1870- ). 

" The strength of monarchy and the risks of despotism, the nobility of faith and the 
cruel cowardice of bigotry, the ardor of republican fraternity and the terrors of anarchic 
disintegration, — -the J7iost famous instance of any ajid every extreme, — is to be found 
in the long annals of France.'" 

1. In what position did the Congress of Vienna leave France? 

2. What did every revolution in Paris in the nineteenth century mean for Europe? 

3. Justify the words of Louis XVIII, that he had sought the principles of the 
Constitutional Charter in the French character and in the venerable monuments of 
past centuries. 

4. What shameful commission from the Holy Alliance did Louis execute in Spain? 

5. State the reasons given by the Chamber of Deputies for calling the Citizen King to 
the throne. What part had Lafayette in this revolution? (RR542) 

6. How did the socialist scheme of national workshops turn out? In what did the 
present enmity between the bourgeoisie and the workingmen originate? (H517) 

7. What reason had Lamartine to say the government had succeeded in making a 
nation of citizens a vile band of beggars? (W190) 

8. Was the Revolution of 1848, as Metternich said, a second 1793? 

9. Describe the revolutionary condition in Paris which led the people to turn to Louis 
Napoleon for peace. 

10. Prove that the Second Empire was but a copy of the first in origin, spirit, and pohcy. 

11. Show the prosperity of France under Napoleon III. (H529) 

12. To what condition did Napoleon Ill's blunders in foreign affairs briiig France by 
the year 1870? 

13. Prove from the circumstances of the declaration of war that both the French and 
German governments desired war in 1870. Did Napoleon? 

14. Was the French army "ready to the last gaiter button"? Compare the condition 
of the German army. What was the Leipzig of the Second Empire? 

15. State the humiliating conditions of the Peace of Versailles. What were the most 
terrible consequences? the most pathetic? 

16. How did the Bourbons lose their last chance because "the throne was not worth a 
piece of cloth "? 

17. Have the various revolutions of the last century greatly changed the French govern- 
ment ? How do you account for the stability of the Third Repubhc ? 

66 



England since the Battle of Waterloo (1815) 

- ' i. Progress towards Democracy. 

T. Influence of the French Revolution. 

2. Reform measures, — electoral, municipal, economic (1832, 1835, 1867). 

3. True character of the government by 1900. 

II. Progress of Religious Equality. 

1. Removal of disabilities (1828, 1829, 1858). 

2. DisestabUshment of the State Church : in Ireland (187 1) ; in England (?). 

III. England and Ireland. 

1. Home Rule : Gladstone. 

2. Agrarian legislation. 

Englafid in the nineteenth century has served as a political model for Europe. The 
English people developed the political mechafiism of modern Etcrope, — constitutio?ial 
monarchy, parliamentary governmefit, and safeguards for personal liberty. — Seignobos. 

1. When every other state in Europe suffered from armed revolution how did England 
avoid it? (H573) 

2. How did George HI give the final blow to personal government in England? 

3. Point out the chief abuses in the English government which called for reform at the 
opening of the nineteenth century. (W296) 

4. Why did the French Revolution postpone reform measures for a generation? 

5. What is meant by "rotten" boroughs? Give Macaulay's description of the passing 
of the bill which remedied this abuse. How was the opposition overcome? 

6. Show how England has led the way in humanitarian reforms. (M0328, 486) 

7. Why could not the United States have abolished slavery as England did? 

8. What were the Corn Laws? What forced their repeal? Describe the effect upon 
England of the tariff principle thus established. 

9. How were the disabihties which deprived Protestant, Catholic, and Jew alike of the 
rights of citizenship removed? 

10. When did men of the "fourth estate" first vote in England? How is it made 
possible for poor men to give their time to Parliament? 

11. Trace the improvements in municipal government in nineteenth-century England. 
Why has Glasgow the honor of being called " the best governed city in the world "? 

12. What conditions in Ireland caused so large an emigration to America in the middle 
of the century? 

13. Point out the chief abuses in Ireland which called for reform in the last ceiitury. 
What reforms have already been made with the help of the Liberals? 

14. By what measures did the " Grand Old Man " try to extend liberty and self- 
government in the world? Which do you more admire, Disraeli or Gladstone? Why? 

15. Why has the cause of free education made such slow progress in England? Which 
nation first had a ministry of public education? 

16. What do Cobden, Peel, Bright, and O'Connell stand for in the nineteenth century? 
Why may the history of this century be best studied in biography? 

67 



The Liberation and Unification of Italy 

I. Settlement of Italy by the Congress of Vienna. 

II. Struggle against Austrian Despotism. 

1. The Carbonari : uprising of 1820. 

2. Revolution of 1830: three parties ; Mazzini. 

3. Revolution of 1848 : Charles Albert of Sardinia. 

III. Victor Emmanuel II : the Liberators of Italy. 

1. Cavour's policy : Austro-Sardinian War (1859). 

2. Garibaldi : the Kingdom of Italy (1861). 

IV. Rome, the Capital of Italy (1870): the Roman Question. 
V. Italy since 1870 : mistakes and reforms. 
Educate the children and the young people, — govern with liberty ! — Cavour. 

1. How did Metternich make the Italians a "Helot nation"? Where was the only 
patch of free people in the whole peninsula? 

2. Who had sown the seeds of hberty and self-government in the hearts of the Italians? 

3. What was the natural result of the despotic rule of the restored princes? 

4. Mention the various schemes for Itahan unity proposed by the intellectual leaders 
of Italy. 

5. What was Mazzini's "Monroe Doctrine"? On what conditions did he base inde- 
pendence? What was his splendid ideal for the third life of Italy? (W241) 

6. Why was the cry of the Italians, " Death to the Germans "? Was it anything new? 

7. What was the signal for the uprising of the Italians in 1848? Why did they turn to 
Charles Albert of Sardinia as their natural leader? 

8. Tell the story of Mazzini's Roman Republic of 1 848-1 849. (S3 65) What lessons did 
the Italians learn from defeat? 

9. Why is Charles Albert such a pathetic figure? Quote the proclamation of his 
abdication. (RR569) In what was his son most fortunate? 

10. Who solved the problem of Italian unity? How did he employ the ten years before 
the Italian War of 1859? 

1 1 . Why did Napoleon break his alliance and abandon the Austro-Sardinian War ? How 
was he paid for his services? What did it mean for the Italians? 

12. Tell the story of Garibaldi's campaign of i860. Try to give some idea of the 
devotion of the Italian people to this " simple, great, and good man." 

13. When and where did the first general Itahan Parhament meet? When did Victor 
Emmanuel show wisdom in withstanding the hot-headed Garibaldi ? 

14. What events made Victor Emmanuel king at Rome of a united Italy? 

15. What has been the effect upon Italy of the controversy over the Roman Question? 
In spite of all mistakes, what progress has been made? 

16. Explain: the Quadrilateral; the Alsace and Lorraine of Italy; " Red. Shirts " ; 
"Massala Thousand " ; Young Italy ; the Bismarck of Italy. 

17. When did Italy cease to be "a geographical expression "? 

68 



The Making of the New German Empire 

-^ I. The Formation of the German Confederation (1815). 

II. Struggle for Freedom against Metternich and Absolutism. 

1, The Zollverein : influence of Revolution of 1830. 

2. Uprisings of 1848 : gains for constitutional government. 

a. Revolution in Vienna ; flight of Metternich. 

b. Frederick William IV gives Prussia a constitution. 

III. Unification of Gerjmany : King William I and Bismarck. 

1. Convictions and purposes of "the Iron Chancellor." 

2. Wars of Bismarck and Moltke. 

a. Austro-Prussian ; North German Confederation (1867). 
d. Franco- Prussian ; the German Empire (1871). 

IV. The German Empire since 187 i. 

1. The Kultiirkampf. The Triple Alliance. 

2. Reign of Emperor William II. The Social Democrats. 

1. Who were the men that laid the foundations of the greatness of modern Prussia? 
Outline the reforms of the first quarter of the nineteenth century. (Wxii) 

2. Why was not Germany made a national state in 1815 ? How did the Liberals show 
their disappointment ? By what means did Metternich stifle the spirit of freedom 
for another generation ? 

3. Was the German Confederation any step in advance ? What made the machinery 
of government practically unworkable ? 

4. What was the vital question to be settled before there could be a united Germany ? 
In the rivalry for controlling power what advantages had Prussia ? 

5. Point out the parallel movements in Germany and Italy for a half century after the 
Congress of Vienna. 

6. Why did Frederick William refuse the crown offered him by the Frankfort Assem- 
bly ? Name some great Liberals who lost hope and left Germany. 

7. Who was the Cavour of Germany? What did he say was his "one guiding star"? 

8. Describe the personnel and training of the Prussian army. Did its bayonets meet 
Mazzini's requirement ? (Mo) 

g. How did Bismarck gain his will in spite of the Prussian Representatives? 

10. When and where was Austria's Waterloo ? To what was she forced to agree ? 

1 1 . Show Bismarck's wisdom in his treatment of the South German states. 

12. What event brought the South and North spontaneously together? 

13. Why did the Franco-Prussian War seem absolutely necessary to the nations con- 
cerned ? How long did it take the Germans to lock up the French army ? 

14. Give some account of the siege of Paris and the escape of the Empress. 

15. Describe the scene at Versailles when King WiUiam was proclaimed Emperor. 

(RR594) 

16. Compare the constitution of the new Empire with that of the United States. 

17. Has Germany popular government ? What do the Social Democrats want ? (Rr6i8) 

18. Give some idea of the area and population of the North German Confederation in 
1867, and of the German Empire in 1900. 

69 



Spain, Austria, and the Lesser States 

Pl^'* I. Spain and the Revolt of her American Colonies. 

1. Constitution of 1812 : Bourbon Restoration; Revolution of 182 0-1823. 

2. Revolt and loss of American colonies. 

3. The Holy Alliance and the New World : Monroe Doctrine.' 

4. Constitutional monarchy : the Carlists. 

II. Portugal, the most backward country of Western Europe. 

ill. Austria-Hungary after 1866. 

1 . Reorganization : the dual monarchy. 

2. Austro-Hungarian problems: effect upon Europe.. 

IV. Switzerland in the Nineteenth Century. 

1. Federal Pact of 1815 : growth of democracy. 

2. The Swiss Republic: Constitution of 1848. 

V. The Scandinavian States : separation into three kingdoms. 
VI. Belgium and Holland : source of their prosperity. 

1. Trace the events which gave Spain the Constitution of 1812. Who were responsible 
for the return of absolutism ? 

2 . How have efforts for a more liberal government in Spain resulted .-' 

3. Who are the most bitter enemies of the reigning Spanish house ? 

4. Point out abuses in the government of the Spanish-American colonies which caused 
rebellion. What remains of Spain's great colonial empire? 

5. How does the term Austrian differ in its significance from French or Spanish ? 

6. Show on a sketch map the location of the various races within Austria-Hungary. 

7. What gave the people of Vienna courage to overthrow Metternich and their old- 
fashioned government ? What resulted throughout the Empire ? 

8. How was absolutism restored in the Empire ? What was the greatest obstacle to 
the independence of the rebellious peoples ? 

9. Why did Kossuth fail? How did Hungary gain equality with Austria? (Mo542,556) 

10. Where Ues the greatest danger to the peace of the dual monarchy? What seems 
the logical solution of the problem ? How does it affect Europe^? (W-235) 

1 1 . When did Switzerland become a real nation and a strong federal state ? 

12. Why has the Swiss republic been called "a miniature Parliament of Man"? Why 
do students of political science give so much attention to the Swiss government ? 

13. Show the progress of the Scandinavian states during the past century. 

14. How have the intelligence and patriotism of the Norwegians been rewarded? 

1 5 . What was the origin of the Kingdom of Belgium ? In what respects was it in 
advance of all other states on the continent in 1830 ? 

16. Comment on the peculiar system of voting in Belgium. (W292) 

17. What is the political constitution of the Netherlands ? Why is it a special center of 
interest to the nations of to-day ? 

18. Account for the great present prosperity of Holland and Belgium. In what respects 
are they an example to all Europe ? 

70 



Russia and the Eastern Question 

I. Tsar Alexander I, Liberal, then Absolutist. 
11. War of Greek Independence (1821-1829): Navarino. 

III. The Russo-Turkish War of 1828-1829 : Kingdom of Greece (1832). 

IV. The Polish Revolt: Poland, a province of Russia (1832). 
V. The Crimean War : the Eastern Question. 

VI. Tsar Alexander II: Emancipation of the Serfs (1861). 

1. Russo-Turkish War of 187 7-1 878 ; Bulgarian atrocities. 

2. Congress of Berlin: creation of new states. 

VII. The Liberal Movement in Russia. International Peace Conference. 

1. By what route did liberal ideas make their way into despotic Russia.'' (M0561) 

2. How does Russia differ from Austria in the settlement of her race questions? 

3. Mention some of the reforms of the liberal Alexander I. What turned him into a 
despot ? 

4. Why is Turkish rule an anachronism in Europe .'' What stirred Europe to aid the 
Greeks in their struggle for independence ? 

5. Why may we say of Lord Byron, " Greater love hath no man than this " ? 

6. How long ago did the rulers of Russia begin to dream of acquiring Constantinople? 
Who first discovered the " Sick Man of Europe " ? Why should France and Eng- 
land object to Russia becoming his heir ? 

7. Mention some of the most interesting incidents of the Crimean War. Summarize 
its results. (M0568) 

8. Describe the life of a Mir. How large a proportion of the Russians live in these 
communities ? What has been the result of emancipation ? 

9. Were the serfs before emancipation better or worse off than the serfs of the Middle 
Ages ? Compare their condition with that of the slaves in the South. 

10. Speak for and against the settlement of the Eastern Question by the Congress of 
Berlin. What is your own opinion ? 

11. Describe the present condition of affairs in Turkey and the Balkan States. To what 
has the Ottoman Empire in Europe been reduced ? ^ . 

12. Contrast the state of Greece in 1829 with its condition to-day. What makes Athens 
a center of world interest ? 

13. What are the greatest obstacles in the way of political freedom in Russia? What 
has most influenced the rulers against liberalizing the government ? 

14. Show that the Russian people, high and low, are their own worst enemies. 

15. Account for the fact that the Russian students are leaders in revolutionary move- 
ments. (W255) Why has the Siberian exile system so stirred the world? 

16. "In 1800 we prayed to be allowed to live, in 1900 we know that we shall live." To 
what do these words of a Polish historian bear witness ? 

17. Point out recent events which give hope of better conditions in Russia. (H608) 

18. Describe the greatest work of Russia for the progress of civilization. Through what 
great institution has the Tsar helped forward world peace ? 

71 



European Expansion in the Nineteenth Century 

I. Extension of European Civilization. 

1. Decline and revival of interest in colonization. 

2 . Opening up of the Dark Continent : Livingstone and Stanley. 

3. Founding of the Congo Free State. Partition of Africa. 

II. The British Empire. 

1 . Dominion of Canada : industrial and agricultural development. 

2. Commonwealth of Australia : growth and prosperity. 

3. The English in Asia. 

a. The East India Company; Sepoy Mutiny; the Indian Empire. 

b. Opium War with China ; Hongkong. 

4. England in South Africa. 

a. Antagonism of Boer and Briton ; the Boer War. ■ 

b. Plans for federation. Cape-to-Cairo railroad. 

5. EngHsh influence in Egypt. 

a. French and English protectorate ; expeditions against the Sudanese. 

b. English protectorate ; "justice and water." 

III. French Colonial Possessions. 

1. In North Africa. 

a. Conquest of Algeria. Senegal. 

b. Plans for conquest of the Sahara. 

2. In Asia : Indo-China. 

IV. Germany seeks Foreign Possessions. 

1 . German protectorates in Africa. 

2. Germanization of Syria and Asia Minor. Seizure of Kiau-chau. 

V. Russia's Advance : three objects in view. 

1. Character and extent of her conquests. 

2. The Trans-Siberian Railway. 

3. England on guard. 

VI. Growth of the United States. 

1. Natural extension of territory. 

2. Foreign possessions : problems of imperialism. 

VII. A Crisis in World History. 

1. Problems facing Europeans. 

a. The Far Eastern Question. 

b. The future of Japan. ^ 

c. The Mongolian Monroe Doctrine. 

2. The revolt of the East. 

a. Chino-Japanese War of 1894. 

b. The Boxer uprising of 1900. 

c. Russo-Japanese War of 1904- 1905. 

72 



studies on European Expansion 

- xtlow has the pohcy of the powers of Europe become a world poUcy ? What has 
made the globe in 1900 no larger than the continent of Europe in 1800 ? 

2. Outhne the rise and dechne of the early colonial anpires. (8409) 

3. Show the feeling of European statesmen toward colonial enterprises in the early 
nineteenth century. What aroused their interest later ? 

4. Tell the story of the meeting of Stanley and Livingstone in the Dark Continent. 
With what purpose did Livingstone go to Africa ? 

5. What was Stanley's greatest work for Africa ? How could the European states excuse 
their undignified scramble for possessions in Africa ? 

6. Speak for and against King Leopold's administration of the Congo State. (W) 

7. How did Canada obtain self-government.-' What great change in English colonial 
government resulted ? 

8. In what did the colonization of Australia begin ? Trace its growth to a new English 
nation. 

9. When and why did the EngHsh government take over the rule of British possessions 
in India ? Is India well governed ? Are the natives satisfied ? 

10. When did England gain a foothold in South Africa? How did the trouble between 
Boer and Briton begin ? Tell the story of " The Great Trek." 

1 1 . Can one help sympathizing with the Boers in their fight for independence ? What 
has been gained to offset the desolation of South Africa and England's thousand 
millions of money, to say nothing of unnumbered human lives ? 

12. Describe the prosperity of present-day Egypt. To what is it due ? 

13. Who built the Suez Canal ? How did England gain control of it ? Why does she 
think it necessary to keep a hold on Egypt ? How is she conquering the desert ? 

14. How are France and Germany handicapped in their colonization schemes? 

15. In what respect is the expansion of Russia more commendable than that of any other 
state ? How large a part of the world does the " Colossus of the North " dominate ? 

16. Trace the progress of Russia through Asia. (H595) Where do the Russian Bear and 
the English Lion stand almost face to face ? 

17. What principle of the founders of the government did the United States virtually 
abandon at the opening of the century ? To what has it led ? 

18. How was Japan forced into relations with the outside world ? Describe her develop- 
ment in the last half century. Why is she so far ahead of China.? 

19. How has the unjust " Opium War" affected the attitude of China toward all for- 
eigners ? State the Far Eastern Question. 

20. Make a comparative table of the area and population of the possessions of England, 
Germany, France, Holland, and Portugal by the Statesman'' s Year Book. 

2 1 . Show by maps the partition of Africa and the occupation of Asia by the European 
states. (W313, 332) 

22. Point out the chief characteristic of modern imperialism.- 

23. What is the position and opportunity of the Anglo-Saxon race to-day? 



73 



The World State and the Industrial Age 

^^i. Forecast of the Future in the Light of the Past. 

1. The federal state : the United States of Europe. 

2. The world state : the Federation of the World. 

II. Preparations for the World State. 

1. Representative government : growth of democracy. 

2. Federalism and international good will. 

3. Annihilation of time and space by scientific inventions. 

4. Interparliamentary Union and International Court of Arbitration. 

III. Problems of the New Age. 

1. Social democracy : abolition of class distinctions and privileges. 

2. Political democracy : equality of all men in law and government. 

3. Economic democracy : just distribution of wealth and opportunity. 

IV. Socialist Solution : an industrial revolution. 

1. Give some proofs that "Europe to-day differs perhaps more fundamentally from the 
Europe Napoleon knew than did Napoleon's world from Charlemagne's." 

2. Give some idea of the cost of New Europe to the European people. Is the burden 
cheerfully borne ? (B473) 

3. Trace the steps in the progress from mediaeval to modern warfare. What makes 
modern armaments so expensive and so frightful? (Wxx) 

4. Does the world agree with John Hay that war " is the most futile and ferocious of 
human follies "? Who are the greatest opponents of war? 

5. Point out the progress already made toward a federation of nations. 

6. Judging from recent events, which principle is stronger to-day, unity or separation? 

7. Prove that " the distance is much greater between the industrial processes of the 
eighteenth century and those of the present day than between those of the eighteenth 
century and the ancient arts, even those of Egypt." 

8. Explain the difference between the " domestic " and the factory system. Mention 
the inventions which brought about the change. (R675) 

9. Give some example of the increase in the production of goods by machinery. 

I o. What was the immediate effect of the factory system upon the life of the workman ? 
Compare the condition and intelligence of the factory hand of the early nineteenth 
century with that of the workman of to-day. 

1 1 . How has industrial progress affected the political influence of the working classes ? 
Why are not the Socialists satisfied? 

12. What has been called the most important factor of industrial progress? (RR6ri) 

13. Why is the present period often called the Scientific Age? Mention some of the 
discoveries which have alleviated human suffering. 

14. Show the influence of the newspaper and the penny post on world unity. 

15. Has moral progress gone hand in hand with material improvement? 

16. What new organizations of labor and capital seem to threaten independence? Pro- 
pose some solutions of the problem of true democracy. 

17. Above and beyond the strife of nations, what are the true conquests of modern 
civilization? 

74 



studies in Modern History 

^^?^ummarize the economic, political, and scientific revolutions which ushered in the 
Modern Age. 

2. Which of all the geographical expeditions of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries 
most enlightened the world? Show its effect upon the minds of men, 

3. Show how the discovery of a new world was to serve the peoples of Europe in their 
struggle for religious and political freedom. 

4. By what expedition did England establish a claim to the New World? Account for 
the naming of America. 

5. When did the first European ship reach China? 

6. Trace the most important mediaeval trade routes and show how new discoveries 
improved or abolished them. 

7. When and by whom was the doctrine that the sea should be free to all first promul- 
gated ? What is the present international law ? 

8. Account for the difference in popular regard of an alliance with the Turkish Sultan 
in the sixteenth century and in the nineteenth. 

9. What improvements did the Dutch make in trading methods? 

10. Which was the greater conquest, that of the British in India or that of the Spanish 
in America ? Was there much difference in the methods of conquest ? 

11. What war decided whether America and India should be French or English ? 

1 2 . Speak briefly of the men these places suggest : Louisburg ; Pennsylvania ; Lake 
Champlain ; Fort Frontenac ; Pittsburg ; Lake George ; Cliveden ; Washington. 

13. Why does the Emperor of Austria bear the title "King of Jerusalem," and the King 
of Spain that of " King of the Two Sicilies, of the Western and Eastern Indies " ? 

14. Show how the political condition of the various European states influenced the 
character and results of the religious revolution in each. 

15. Explain the origin of St. Paul's School, London; the "Blue Laws" of the Puritans; 
the Book of Common Prayer. 

16. Give some account of the work of Zwingli. Has the shameful traffic in soldiers 
which he denounced yet ceased in Switzerland ? 

1 7 . Explain why the Swiss laws are promulgated in three languages. 

18. How did the faith of the nation come to depend upon the princes in Germany and 
in England .'' 

19. Who was the father of Puritanism and where the first Puritan congregation ? 

20. Who objected to printed books, and why? 

21. Why has Erasmus been called " a citizen of the Christian world " ? 

22. How did America benefit by King James's declaration, " I shall make them conform 
themselves or I will harry them out of the land, or else do worse " ? 

23. Explain this statement: " The murmuring Parliament of Elizabeth developed into 
the mutinous Parliament of James I and the rebellious Parliament of Charles I." 

24. Show by examples how often liberty has been indebted to bad kings. Is it true that 
" in general, a stupid king or an insane one is as good as any or better " ? 

25. Can you prove from your knowledge of history that, as Dean Shaler says, "in the 
long run the people are right"? 



75 



studies in Modern History 






^he apostle of liberty in Europe, she has exemplified every form of tyranny known] 
to man. . . . We see her, proud to frenzy of her own nationality, take for her idolsjj 
a German and an Italian." Explain the allusions. 

2. What sort of a conquest of Europe did the French make in the seventeenth cen- 
tury ? Quote interesting Hnes from the patent estabHshing the Academy. (RR271) 

3. "The most characteristic feature in the government of the eighteenth century was 
the existence and work of the enlightened despots." Name several of these despots 
and show good as well as evil in their rule. 

4. Compare the sight-seeing of Peter the Great with that of modern princes. 

5 . Is the history of Russia under women rulers an honor to the sex .'' Compare Cathe- 
rine the Great and Queen Victoria. 

6. Judging by what you have read, can absolute power be safely placed in the hands of 
one person ? What is the danger in an absolute hereditary monarchy ? 

7. Why was the French Revolution so much later and more violent than the English 
and American ? Can you give the real cause in four words or even in one ? 

8. Why might Voltaire well say, "I have accomplished more in my day than either 
Luther or Calvin " ? Speak of the work of some of his contemporaries. 

9. " In the French Revolution men turned from the New Testament to Plutarch." 
Why? 

10. Contrast the purging of Parliament in 1648 and of the National Convention in 1793. 

11. What did Napoleon say of his civil code ? What does the world say of it ? 

12. "The true conquests, the only conquests which cause no regrets, are those achieved 
over ignorance." What if Napoleon had been controlled by this, his own sentiment ? 
How did he degrade the title of Emperor forever ? 

13. Explain why Wellington "had to thank Blucher for Quatre-Bras, and Gneisenau for 
Waterloo." 

14. Show how and why the ancient and modern estimates of the assassin of a ruler 
differ. 

15. Prove by historical examples that states are most dangerous as conquerors during or 
after periods of civil war. Can you explain why ? 

16. Prove that the rise of Prussia was one of the most momentous events in European 
history. 

17. On a sketch map show how a state of 280,000 square miles, containing 12,000,000 
inhabitants, was wiped off the map of Europe by force. 

18. When was England the only free nation in the world? What were the private and 
public rights of her citizens ? (H389) 

19. When did Great Britain come into existence ? the British Empire? 

20. Make a Hst of the greatest benefactors of the nineteenth century. 

21. In what striking fashion does Professor Myers show that the sixteenth century was 
but a prototype of the nineteenth ? 

22. What has President Eliot declared to be " the best fruit of the last four centuries " ? 
To what is the rapid progress of the world in these centuries most largely due ? 



76 



Chronology of the Modern Age 



- • fcw 




England 




France 




Other States 




09 


Henry VIII 






17 
19 


Lutheran Revolt 

Charles V 1 




21 


" Defender of the Faith " 






29 


The Protestants 1 




34 


Act of Supremacy 






S5 


Peace of Augsburg 


15 










56 


Philip II 


58 


Elizabeth 












59 


Act of Uniformity 


62 
72 


Huguenot War 

St. Bartholomew's Day 


63 
67 

84 


Council of Trent 

Alva in the Netherlands 

William the Silent killed 




88 


The Armada 


89 
98 


Henry IV 
Edict of Nantes 








03 


James I 


10 


Louis XIII 


iS 


Thirty Years' War 




20 


Pilgrims at Plymouth 


24 


Richelieu, Minister 








28 


Petition of Right 






32 


Gustavus Adolphus 




40 


Long Parliament 


43 


Louis XIV 


40. 


The Great Elector 


16 


49 
S3 

60 


Charles I executed 
Cromwell, Protector 

Restoration 


59 
85 


Peace of the Pyrenees 
Revocation of Edict of Nantes 


48 
82 


Peace of Westphalia 
Peter the Great 




88 


Revolution. William II 






88 


Elector Frederick III 




89 


Bill of Rights 












97 


Peace of Ryswick 












07 


Union of England and Scotland 






09 


Battle of Poltava 




13 


Peace of Utrecht 


IS 
48 


Louis XV 

Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle 


13 
40 


Frederick William I 
Frederick the Great 




56 


William Pitt, Minister 






56 


Seven Years' War 




57 


Plassey 


63 


Peace of Paris 


72 


First Partition of Poland 


17 


76 


Arnerican Revolution 


74 


Louis XVI 








83 


Independence of United States 






83 
86 


Russia in the Crimea 
Frederick William II 




87 


Australia 


89 


States-General 
Fall_ of the Bastille 












93 


Louis XVI executed 


93 


Second Partition of Poland 








94 


Reign of Terror 


95 


Third Partition of Poland 








99 


Bonaparte, Consul 
















03 


Louisiana Purchase 








04 


Napoleon, Emperor 








07 


Abolition of slave trade 


14 


Napoleon abdicates 


07 
13 


Peace of Tilsit 
Battle of Leipzig 




15 


Cape Colony 


15 
30 


Waterloo 

July Revolution 


15 
21 


Congress of Vienna 
Revolt of the Greeks 




32 


Reform of Parliament 












40 


Canada self-governing 
















48 


Fall of Louis Philippe 


48 


Fall of Mettemich 








52 


Napoleon III 






18 


54 
57 

68 

80 
82 


Crimean War 
Sepoy Mutiny 

Gladstone, Prime Minister 

Scramble for Africa 
England in Egypt 


70 


Franco- Prussian War 
Third Republic 


S9 
61 
62 
66 

71 
78 


Italian War 
Kingdom of Italy 
Bismarck, Minister 
Austro-Prussian War 

William I, German Emperor 
Congress of Berlin 



77 



Reading List 



7S 



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